Morse Theory
The Euler characteristic is a topological invariant that provides a way to distinguish different shapes or surfaces based on their structure. It is commonly calculated using the formula $ ext{Euler characteristic} = V - E + F$, where $V$ is the number of vertices, $E$ is the number of edges, and $F$ is the number of faces of a polyhedron. This concept helps to explore the properties of objects like handlebodies, relate it to singular homology, derive inequalities in Morse theory, and understand the topology of level sets.
congrats on reading the definition of Euler characteristic. now let's actually learn it.