Brutalism

Definition

Brutalism is an architectural style that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by its massive, block-like forms, rough concrete surfaces, and an emphasis on functionality. This style often reflects the social and political climate of its time, prioritizing utilitarian structures over ornamentation, which can be seen in the influence of earlier movements like Cubism and later styles such as the International Style.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Brutalism is closely associated with the work of architects like Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn, who embraced concrete as a primary building material.
2. The term 'brutalism' is derived from the French phrase 'béton brut,' meaning 'raw concrete,' reflecting the style's emphasis on unfinished surfaces.
3. Brutalist buildings often serve public functions, such as government buildings, schools, and libraries, promoting a sense of community and accessibility.
4. The style was both praised for its boldness and criticized for its perceived coldness and lack of human scale.
5. Despite falling out of favor in the late 20th century, Brutalism has seen a resurgence of interest in recent years, with many advocates recognizing its historical significance and cultural value.

Review Questions

• How did Cubism influence the development of Brutalism in architecture?
  • Cubism's emphasis on geometric forms and the deconstruction of traditional perspectives laid the groundwork for Brutalism's focus on bold shapes and structural honesty. Architects influenced by Cubism sought to break away from classical architectural styles and embraced an abstract approach to design. This influence can be seen in Brutalist structures that favor angular forms and a clear expression of materials.
• Discuss the global impact of Brutalism within the framework of the International Style.
  • Brutalism expanded upon the principles of the International Style by introducing raw materials like concrete while maintaining a commitment to functional design. While the International Style focused on sleek lines and glass facades to create a sense of openness, Brutalism shifted towards a more monumental presence with heavy forms. This stylistic divergence allowed Brutalism to adapt globally, influencing urban planning and public architecture in various cultural contexts around the world.
• Evaluate the reasons behind the revival of interest in Brutalism in contemporary architecture and urban design.
  • The revival of interest in Brutalism can be attributed to a growing appreciation for its historical significance as well as its potential for sustainable design. As architects explore ways to repurpose existing Brutalist structures, they recognize their durability and unique aesthetic. Additionally, there is a cultural shift towards valuing authenticity and raw materials in architecture, which resonates with modern sensibilities. This renewed interest also reflects broader discussions about urban identity and the role of public spaces in fostering community.

Related terms

Modernism: A broad cultural movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Modernism sought to break away from traditional forms and embrace new techniques and ideas in art, architecture, and literature.

Postmodernism: An architectural style that arose as a reaction against the principles of Modernism, Postmodernism often incorporates eclectic styles, historical references, and playful elements into design.

Concrete: A building material made from a mixture of cement, water, sand, and aggregates, which became a defining feature of Brutalist architecture due to its versatility and strength.