Black Death

Definition

The Black Death was a devastating pandemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe in the mid-14th century, leading to the deaths of an estimated one-third of the continent's population. This catastrophic event had profound effects on society, economy, and culture, influencing the development of Middle English literature and the lives of notable figures during this period.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Black Death arrived in Europe in 1347 and peaked between 1348 and 1350, leading to an estimated death toll of 25 million people.
2. It significantly disrupted feudal society by creating labor shortages, which led to higher wages for workers and contributed to the decline of serfdom.
3. The pandemic prompted a rise in religious fervor, as many sought spiritual explanations for the catastrophe, influencing the themes present in literature of the time.
4. Art and literature began to reflect themes of death, mortality, and human suffering more prominently following the Black Death.
5. The social upheaval resulting from the plague contributed to changes in attitudes toward life and death, ultimately influencing humanist thought in the Renaissance.

Review Questions

• How did the Black Death alter the social and economic structure of Europe during the Middle Ages?
  • The Black Death led to significant changes in Europe's social and economic structure by creating labor shortages due to the massive death toll. With fewer workers available, surviving laborers were able to demand higher wages and better working conditions, which weakened the feudal system. This shift allowed for greater social mobility and contributed to the decline of serfdom, ultimately reshaping society and paving the way for modern economic systems.
• In what ways did the Black Death influence Chaucer's literary works and his portrayal of society?
  • Chaucer's works reflect the societal changes brought about by the Black Death through themes of mortality, class struggles, and human behavior in times of crisis. The upheaval caused by the pandemic allowed for greater social commentary, as characters in works like 'The Canterbury Tales' illustrate various responses to suffering and loss. Chaucer's blending of humor and tragedy captures the complexities of life during this tumultuous period, making his literature deeply relevant to understanding that era.
• Evaluate how the experiences from the Black Death are mirrored in Julian of Norwich's 'Revelations of Divine Love' and what this indicates about her worldview.
  • In 'Revelations of Divine Love,' Julian of Norwich's reflections on suffering and divine love can be viewed as a response to the trauma caused by the Black Death. Her visions suggest an understanding of suffering as part of a greater divine plan, indicating a shift toward a more personal interpretation of faith amidst widespread despair. This perspective highlights her belief in God's mercy and love, which contrasts with some contemporary views that saw illness as punishment. Julian's insights provide a unique lens on how individuals grappled with existential questions during such a devastating time.

Related terms

Bubonic Plague: A highly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is transmitted through fleas that infest rats. It was the primary form of plague responsible for the Black Death.

Feudalism: A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe, characterized by a hierarchy of lords and vassals, land ownership, and the obligation of serfs to work the land in exchange for protection.

Quarantine: A public health practice that involves isolating individuals who may have been exposed to a contagious disease to prevent its spread. It gained prominence during the Black Death as cities sought to contain outbreaks.