Mitochondrial DNA

Definition

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the small circular DNA found in mitochondria, separate from the nuclear DNA. It encodes essential genes for mitochondrial function and is maternally inherited.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited exclusively from the mother.
2. mtDNA contains 37 genes crucial for normal mitochondrial function.
3. It replicates independently of nuclear DNA during cell division.
4. Mitochondrial DNA mutations can lead to various metabolic disorders.
5. Unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA lacks protective histones and has a higher mutation rate.

Review Questions

• What type of inheritance pattern does mitochondrial DNA follow?
• How many genes are typically found in human mitochondrial DNA?
• What are some consequences of mutations in mitochondrial DNA?

Related terms

Mitochondria: Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Nuclear DNA: The genetic material contained within the cell nucleus that encodes most of an organism's genome.

Cellular Respiration: A set of metabolic reactions used by cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.