DNA replication

Definition

DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell duplicates its DNA, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves multiple enzymes and proteins.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
2. The enzyme DNA polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand.
3. Replication begins at specific locations in the genome called origins of replication.
4. Helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA, creating a replication fork where synthesis occurs.
5. Errors during DNA replication can lead to mutations, which may affect genetic stability and function.

Review Questions

• What does it mean for DNA replication to be semi-conservative?
• Which enzyme is primarily responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication?
• How can errors during DNA replication affect microbial genetics?

Related terms

Mutation:

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, which can alter gene function or expression.

DNA Polymerase:

An enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA complementary to the template strand during replication.

Replication Fork:

The area where the double-stranded DNA is separated into single strands to be copied during DNA replication.