HIV/AIDS

Definition

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, leading to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely compromised. The connection between HIV/AIDS and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases highlights the ongoing public health challenge posed by this virus, as it adapts and evolves, creating new strains and treatment-resistant variants that complicate prevention and treatment efforts worldwide.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Globally, approximately 38 million people are living with HIV, with the highest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. HIV can be transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
3. Early diagnosis and access to ART can significantly prolong life expectancy and reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others.
4. Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS remain major barriers to testing, treatment, and prevention efforts.
5. Research continues to focus on finding a cure for HIV, as well as developing vaccines to prevent infection and improve treatment strategies.

Review Questions

• How does HIV contribute to the emergence of opportunistic infections in affected individuals?
  • HIV compromises the immune system by attacking CD4 cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. As the virus progresses toward AIDS, the number of CD4 cells decreases significantly, leaving individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections that can take advantage of their weakened immune system. This relationship underscores the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment in preventing these infections.
• Discuss the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in managing HIV infection and its implications for public health.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) plays a vital role in managing HIV infection by suppressing viral load to undetectable levels, which helps maintain immune function and prevents progression to AIDS. This not only improves the health and longevity of individuals living with HIV but also reduces the risk of transmission to others, contributing significantly to public health efforts aimed at controlling the spread of the virus. By making ART accessible and effective, public health initiatives can help reduce new infections and improve overall community health outcomes.
• Evaluate the impact of stigma on HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment efforts globally.
  • Stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS severely impacts prevention and treatment efforts by discouraging individuals from seeking testing, disclosing their status, or accessing care. Fear of discrimination often leads to social isolation, mental health issues, and delayed medical attention for those affected. This stigma creates barriers not only at an individual level but also at a systemic level, hindering public health campaigns aimed at education and outreach. Addressing stigma is crucial for improving access to care and enhancing overall community health regarding HIV/AIDS.

Related terms

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A combination of HIV medicines taken daily to manage HIV infection, helping to maintain immune function and prevent the progression to AIDS.

Opportunistic Infections: Infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS.

Viral Load: The amount of HIV RNA in a person's blood, which is an important indicator of how well the virus is being controlled by treatment.