Augustus

Definition

Augustus, originally named Gaius Octavius, was the first Roman emperor, ruling from 27 BCE until his death in 14 CE. He is credited with transforming the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire, marking a significant shift in governance and establishing a period of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. Augustus's reign set the tone for future emperors and the structure of imperial power.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Augustus was born on September 23, 63 BCE, and was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar, which helped him rise to power after Caesar's assassination.
2. He reformed various aspects of Roman life, including the military, taxation, and infrastructure, significantly improving the efficiency of governance.
3. Augustus promoted a moral revival in Rome, encouraging traditional Roman values and family life through legislation.
4. He skillfully used propaganda, commissioning art and literature that celebrated his achievements and established a cult of personality around his rule.
5. The title 'Augustus' means 'the revered one,' reflecting the divine status he cultivated throughout his reign.

Review Questions

• How did Augustus transform the political landscape of Rome from a republic to an empire?
  • Augustus transformed Rome's political landscape by consolidating power and effectively ending the Republic after years of civil war. He did this by presenting himself as a restorer of the Republic while actually holding ultimate control. His use of titles like 'Princeps' allowed him to maintain a façade of republican values while establishing a new form of governance centered around imperial authority.
• What were some key reforms introduced by Augustus, and how did they impact Roman society?
  • Augustus implemented significant reforms in military structure, taxation, and infrastructure that profoundly impacted Roman society. He professionalized the army, created a standing navy, and instituted a census for fair taxation. These reforms enhanced stability and order in the empire, leading to increased trade and prosperity during his reign.
• Evaluate the legacy of Augustus in shaping future emperors and the concept of imperial rule in Rome.
  • The legacy of Augustus is pivotal in shaping future emperors and the concept of imperial rule in Rome. By establishing precedents for governance and promoting the idea of a singular authority over the state, he created a model for subsequent emperors to follow. His blend of autocracy with traditional republican elements set a framework that would influence the structure and nature of Roman governance for centuries, cementing the role of emperor as both a political leader and cultural icon.

Related terms

Pax Romana:

A long period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire that lasted approximately 200 years, starting with Augustus's reign.

Imperium: The absolute power or authority held by an individual in the Roman government, which Augustus embodied as the first emperor.

Roman Senate: The governing body of ancient Rome that Augustus worked with to legitimize his power while also transforming its role under his rule.