Human nature

Definition

Human nature refers to the inherent characteristics, behaviors, and instincts that define what it means to be human. It encompasses our capacities for reason, emotion, morality, and social interaction, often explored through literature to reflect on societal values and human flaws.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. In 'Gulliver's Travels', Jonathan Swift critiques human nature by showcasing the absurdity and moral failings of both individuals and societies through the experiences of Lemuel Gulliver.
2. Swift's 'A Modest Proposal' employs extreme satire to highlight the indifference of society toward the suffering of the poor, reflecting a dark view of human selfishness and apathy.
3. Samuel Johnson's works often explore themes of human nature through his deep interest in morality and ethics, questioning what it means to live a virtuous life.
4. Both Swift and Johnson use their writings to provoke thought about the complexities and contradictions within human nature, challenging readers to reflect on their own values.
5. The examination of human nature in these works contributes to a broader discourse about social responsibility and individual accountability in society.

Review Questions

• How does Jonathan Swift use satire in 'Gulliver's Travels' to comment on human nature?
  • In 'Gulliver's Travels', Jonathan Swift employs satire as a tool to expose the flaws and follies inherent in human nature. Through Gulliver’s encounters with various societies, each representing different aspects of humanity, Swift illustrates the absurdity of pride, greed, and moral corruption. His satirical lens challenges readers to confront uncomfortable truths about their own behavior and societal norms.
• Discuss the moral implications of human nature as portrayed in 'A Modest Proposal'.
  • In 'A Modest Proposal', Swift addresses the moral implications of human nature by presenting an outrageous solution to poverty in Ireland. This extreme satire forces readers to reflect on the cruelty and indifference displayed by society toward the suffering poor. By using shock value, Swift critiques not only the lack of empathy but also the economic rationalism that dehumanizes individuals, thus inviting a deeper examination of our ethical responsibilities toward one another.
• Evaluate how Samuel Johnson's exploration of human nature contributes to his literary legacy.
  • Samuel Johnson's exploration of human nature significantly contributes to his literary legacy by providing profound insights into morality and ethical behavior. His essays often delve into the complexities of human motivations, urging readers to consider the balance between reason and emotion in their lives. By advocating for introspection and moral responsibility, Johnson's works remain relevant today, highlighting the enduring struggle with human flaws and aspirations within a rapidly changing world.

Related terms

Satire: A literary technique that uses humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or mock individuals, institutions, or society as a whole.

Moral Philosophy: The branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong, often questioning the ethical implications of human actions and decisions.

Characterization: The representation of personalities in literature through actions, dialogue, and descriptions, revealing aspects of human nature.