Existentialism

Definition

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that focuses on individual freedom, choice, and the inherent meaninglessness of life. It emphasizes the idea that individuals must create their own meaning and purpose in a world that is often indifferent or chaotic. This philosophy connects deeply with themes of identity, authenticity, and the struggle against absurdity, as individuals navigate their existence.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Norman Mailer’s work often reflects existential themes, particularly the struggle for identity and purpose in a fragmented society.
2. Mailer’s novel 'The Naked and the Dead' showcases the absurdity of war and its impact on human existence, aligning with existentialist ideas about the meaninglessness of certain experiences.
3. Existentialism influences Mailer's exploration of masculinity and personal responsibility, presenting characters who confront their own choices amid societal expectations.
4. Mailer’s essays frequently engage with existential questions, encouraging readers to grapple with their own freedom and the implications of their choices.
5. The influence of existentialist philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre can be seen in Mailer’s approach to literature as a means of exploring the human condition and confronting life's inherent absurdities.

Review Questions

• How does Mailer's portrayal of characters reflect existentialist themes regarding choice and identity?
  • Mailer's characters often grapple with their sense of self in a society that imposes external definitions of masculinity and success. Through their struggles, Mailer illustrates how individuals confront the burden of choice, reflecting the existential belief that personal identity is shaped through actions. These characters are frequently depicted as seeking authenticity, which underscores the existentialist idea that one must create meaning within an indifferent world.
• In what ways do Mailer's works illustrate the concept of absurdity in relation to existentialist philosophy?
  • Mailer’s exploration of absurdity is evident in his depiction of chaotic environments, such as war in 'The Naked and the Dead.' He captures the conflict between human desires for meaning and the often irrational nature of reality. This aligns with existentialist views that highlight life’s unpredictability and the struggle to find coherence amid confusion. By illustrating these absurd experiences, Mailer engages readers in considering how they might confront similar challenges in their own lives.
• Evaluate how Mailer's approach to freedom informs his characters' development and reflects broader existentialist themes.
  • Mailer portrays freedom as both empowering and burdensome for his characters, emphasizing that true freedom comes with responsibility for one’s choices. This duality is central to existentialist thought, where individuals must navigate their autonomy while facing the consequences of their decisions. Through this lens, Mailer encourages readers to consider how embracing personal freedom can lead to authentic living while also revealing the inherent struggles involved in making meaningful choices within a complex world.

Related terms

Absurdism: A philosophical perspective closely related to existentialism that suggests human beings exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe and emphasizes the conflict between the desire for meaning and the lack of it.

Authenticity: The quality of being true to oneself and one's values, a key concept in existentialist thought that encourages individuals to act in accordance with their genuine beliefs rather than conforming to societal expectations.

Freedom: In existentialism, freedom refers to the inherent ability of individuals to make choices and take responsibility for their actions, which is central to creating personal meaning in life.