Leo Tolstoy

Definition

Leo Tolstoy was a renowned Russian author, best known for his epic novels 'War and Peace' and 'Anna Karenina', which exemplify the principles of Realism and Naturalism in literature. His works reflect a deep concern for moral and philosophical issues, exploring the complexities of human nature, society, and the effects of war, showcasing the struggles of individuals against societal norms.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828, into an aristocratic family in Russia, which shaped his perspective on class and society in his writing.
2. His novel 'War and Peace' is often considered one of the greatest works of literature, blending historical narrative with fictional characters to explore themes of fate and free will.
3. Tolstoy underwent a profound spiritual crisis in the 1870s that led him to adopt a philosophy of non-violent resistance and simple living, which he reflected in his later writings.
4. 'Anna Karenina' addresses themes of love, infidelity, and societal expectations, showcasing Tolstoy's ability to delve into the psychology of his characters.
5. In addition to fiction, Tolstoy wrote essays on philosophy, ethics, and religion, influencing thinkers like Mahatma Gandhi and promoting ideas of pacifism and social reform.

Review Questions

• How did Leo Tolstoy’s background influence his writing style and themes in his novels?
  • Leo Tolstoy's background as a member of the Russian aristocracy significantly shaped his writing style and thematic concerns. His experiences with both the privileges of wealth and the struggles faced by peasants informed his portrayal of social class dynamics in works like 'War and Peace' and 'Anna Karenina'. This duality allowed him to explore complex moral questions related to duty, love, and the human condition while critiquing the societal structures that governed these lives.
• In what ways do Tolstoy’s novels embody the principles of Realism and Naturalism?
  • Tolstoy’s novels exemplify Realism through their detailed portrayal of everyday life and complex characters who grapple with moral dilemmas. In 'Anna Karenina', he examines societal norms surrounding marriage and infidelity with unflinching honesty. The Naturalist elements emerge in his exploration of how external factors such as environment, social class, and historical events shape individual destinies. This approach emphasizes that characters are often products of their circumstances rather than solely driven by personal choices.
• Evaluate how Tolstoy’s philosophical beliefs impacted his literary output and broader social views.
  • Tolstoy’s philosophical beliefs evolved significantly throughout his life, particularly after his spiritual awakening in the 1870s. His emphasis on non-violence, ethical living, and social justice permeated his later writings, such as 'The Kingdom of God Is Within You'. These beliefs not only influenced his fictional narratives but also sparked broader social movements, inspiring figures like Gandhi to adopt principles of nonviolent resistance. Thus, Tolstoy's literature served not only as storytelling but also as a platform for advocating moral change in society.

Related terms

Realism: A literary movement that focuses on representing everyday life and society as they truly are, often highlighting the struggles of ordinary people.

Naturalism:

An extension of Realism, Naturalism emphasizes the influence of environment, heredity, and social conditions on human behavior, often portraying a more deterministic view of life.

Moral Philosophy: The study of what is right and wrong in human conduct, which deeply influenced Tolstoy's writing and personal beliefs, particularly regarding ethics and social justice.