Utilitarianism

Definition

Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that suggests the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or utility. This principle focuses on the consequences of actions and emphasizes that the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by its ability to produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Utilitarianism reflects scientific rationality and philosophical inquiry of its time, influencing social norms and ethical considerations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Utilitarianism emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, closely associated with philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
2. The philosophy gained traction during the Victorian era, influencing discussions on social reform, public policy, and ethical decision-making.
3. Utilitarianism advocates for measuring the outcomes of actions quantitatively, with a strong emphasis on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
4. Critics of utilitarianism argue that it can overlook individual rights and lead to justifying harmful actions if they result in a net increase in overall happiness.
5. Utilitarian ideas were reflected in Charles Dickens' works, as he critiqued social injustices and advocated for reforms to improve the lives of the marginalized.

Review Questions

• How does utilitarianism reflect the scientific and philosophical developments of its time?
  • Utilitarianism embodies the Enlightenment's focus on reason, empirical evidence, and rational thought. It aligns with the scientific method by advocating for a systematic approach to ethics, prioritizing outcomes over intentions. This shift toward measuring happiness and utility mathematically marked a significant departure from traditional moral philosophies that relied more on duty or virtue.
• In what ways did utilitarianism influence Victorian values and social norms during this period?
  • Utilitarianism shaped Victorian values by promoting a focus on societal well-being and collective happiness. The emphasis on measurable outcomes encouraged social reform movements aimed at addressing issues like poverty, education, and labor rights. These ideas led to policies that sought to improve living conditions, reflecting a growing concern for the greater good over individual interests during a time of rapid industrial change.
• Evaluate how Dickens’ life and works illustrate the principles of utilitarianism and its limitations.
  • Dickens’ life experiences as a child in poverty informed his understanding of social issues, which he highlighted in his works. Through characters like Oliver Twist and Scrooge, he illustrates how utilitarian principles can sometimes justify neglecting individual suffering for perceived greater benefits. Dickens critiques this perspective by showcasing the harsh realities faced by society's outcasts, urging readers to consider the moral implications of actions beyond mere utility.

Related terms

Consequentialism: A broader ethical theory that judges the rightness of actions based on their outcomes or consequences.

John Stuart Mill:

A prominent philosopher and economist who expanded on utilitarianism, arguing for a more qualitative approach to happiness.

Social Reform: The effort to improve society by addressing social issues and advocating for policies that enhance well-being, often guided by utilitarian principles.