Performative utterance

Definition

A performative utterance is a type of speech act where saying something actually performs an action rather than just conveying information. This concept shows how language can create reality, meaning that by simply stating something, you can bring about a change or effect in the world. Examples include statements like 'I apologize' or 'I promise,' where the act of speaking is what enacts the promise or apology.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Performative utterances rely heavily on the context and the speaker's authority; without the right context, they may not have the intended effect.
2. They are often found in formal settings, such as legal contexts, where specific phrases can create binding agreements or actions.
3. Not all speech acts are performative; only those that can create an effect or change through utterance qualify as performative.
4. The concept was popularized by philosopher J.L. Austin, who distinguished between constative utterances (which describe) and performative ones (which do).
5. Understanding performative utterances is essential for grasping how language functions beyond mere communication, shaping social realities and relationships.

Review Questions

• How do performative utterances differ from other types of speech acts?
  • Performative utterances differ from other speech acts because they do not merely convey information but actually enact an action through the act of speaking. For instance, when someone says 'I promise,' they are not just stating something but are creating a commitment. This contrasts with constative speech acts that describe or report without bringing about any change.
• What role does context play in the effectiveness of a performative utterance?
  • Context is crucial for the effectiveness of a performative utterance because it establishes the conditions under which the utterance has power. For example, saying 'I apologize' only works if the speaker has done something wrong and is in a situation where apologies are appropriate. If the context is wrong or the speaker lacks authority, the performative may fail to produce its intended effect.
• Evaluate how understanding performative utterances can impact our comprehension of language and social interactions.
  • Understanding performative utterances deepens our comprehension of language by highlighting that words can have tangible effects on reality and relationships. This recognition prompts us to consider not just what is said, but also how it affects social dynamics and individual behavior. By analyzing language through this lens, we can better grasp the nuances of communication and how intentions shape our interactions in various contexts.

Related terms

speech act: A speech act is any utterance that performs a function in communication, such as making a request, giving an order, or making a promise.

illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the intended meaning behind a performative utterance, focusing on what the speaker aims to achieve with their words.

perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act refers to the effect that an utterance has on a listener, which can be different from the speaker's intended meaning.