Language attrition

Definition

Language attrition refers to the gradual loss of proficiency in a language that occurs when an individual stops using it regularly. This phenomenon can affect both bilinguals and individuals who have learned a second language, often leading to diminished vocabulary, grammar skills, and fluency. Language attrition is closely related to cognitive aspects of bilingualism, as it reflects how language use impacts cognitive functions, and it also illustrates cross-linguistic influences where a dominant language may overshadow a less used one.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Language attrition can occur due to a lack of practice, such as moving away from a community where the language is spoken.
2. It can manifest in various ways, including reduced vocabulary, forgetting grammatical structures, and struggling with pronunciation.
3. Bilingual individuals may experience language attrition in their weaker language while their dominant language remains intact.
4. The rate of language attrition can vary based on age, frequency of use, and exposure to the language in different contexts.
5. Efforts such as immersion, practice, and using media in the lesser-used language can help mitigate language attrition.

Review Questions

• How does language attrition affect bilingual individuals differently than monolingual speakers?
  • Language attrition impacts bilingual individuals by often leading to a decline in proficiency in one of their languages, particularly if it is less frequently used. Unlike monolingual speakers who only deal with one language system, bilinguals might find that their dominant language can overshadow their weaker language. This could result in a situation where they are unable to access vocabulary or grammatical structures in the less dominant language due to its diminished use.
• What role does regular usage play in preventing language attrition among bilinguals?
  • Regular usage of both languages is crucial in preventing language attrition because consistent practice reinforces neural pathways associated with language processing. When individuals engage with both languages—through conversation, reading, or media consumption—they maintain their proficiency and minimize the risk of losing vocabulary and grammar skills. Thus, active engagement is key to keeping both languages alive and functional.
• Evaluate the cognitive implications of language attrition on an individual's overall linguistic capabilities and memory functions.
  • Language attrition can significantly affect an individual's overall linguistic capabilities and cognitive functions by diminishing their ability to access and utilize linguistic knowledge effectively. As proficiency declines, not only does the vocabulary diminish, but memory functions related to the weaker language may also weaken due to lack of use. This can lead to challenges in retrieval processes when attempting to communicate or recall information in that language, potentially influencing broader cognitive abilities like problem-solving and critical thinking.

Related terms

bilingualism: The ability to speak and understand two languages fluently.

code-switching: The practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation.

language interference: When elements from one language negatively affect the use or understanding of another language, often observed in bilingual individuals.