Bihari

Definition

Bihari refers to a specific style of Islamic calligraphy that originated in the Indian subcontinent, particularly associated with the Mughal period. This style is characterized by its fluid, cursive script that emphasizes elegance and artistic expression, making it a popular choice for decorative purposes in various forms of Islamic art.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Bihari calligraphy flourished during the Mughal Empire, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, and was influenced by both Persian and local Indian styles.
2. The fluidity and artistic nature of bihari script made it ideal for decorative applications in manuscripts, architecture, and religious texts.
3. Bihari is distinct from other Islamic calligraphy styles like Nasta'liq and Diwani due to its unique proportions and more exaggerated curves.
4. The revival of interest in bihari calligraphy has led to contemporary artists experimenting with traditional techniques while incorporating modern elements.
5. Bihari calligraphy often serves not only an aesthetic function but also conveys spiritual meanings through the texts it represents.

Review Questions

• How does bihari differ from other Islamic calligraphy styles like Nasta'liq and Diwani?
  • Bihari is characterized by its unique fluidity and artistic expression, setting it apart from styles like Nasta'liq and Diwani. While Nasta'liq is known for its sloping letters and lyrical quality, and Diwani features ornate complexity suited for official documents, bihari focuses more on elegance and decoration. The exaggerated curves of bihari give it a distinct visual appeal that emphasizes artistic creativity over strict formality.
• In what ways did the cultural context of the Mughal Empire influence the development of bihari calligraphy?
  • The Mughal Empire's rich cultural landscape combined Persian artistic traditions with indigenous Indian aesthetics, leading to the development of bihari calligraphy. This fusion allowed bihari to flourish as it incorporated elements from both cultures, reflecting the empire's diverse influences. The patronage of Mughal emperors for the arts also played a crucial role in encouraging artists to innovate within this style, resulting in unique forms of expression that captured both beauty and meaning.
• Evaluate the impact of contemporary practices on the preservation and evolution of bihari calligraphy in modern art forms.
  • Contemporary practices have significantly impacted bihari calligraphy by encouraging artists to blend traditional techniques with modern design elements. This has led to a revival of interest in bihari, as new interpretations resonate with today’s audiences. By infusing bihari with contemporary themes and media, artists not only preserve its heritage but also expand its relevance, ensuring that this beautiful art form continues to evolve while maintaining its historical roots.

Related terms

Nasta'liq: A dominant style of Persian calligraphy known for its sloping letters and fluid, graceful appearance, often used in poetry and literature.

Diwani: A form of calligraphy that originated in the Ottoman Empire, recognized for its ornate and complex style, often used in official documents and correspondence.

Tughra: An elaborate calligraphic signature or monogram of an Ottoman sultan, symbolizing their authority and power, often used on official documents.