Borobudur

Definition

Borobudur is a massive Buddhist temple located in Central Java, Indonesia, built during the 8th and 9th centuries. It is renowned for its intricate design and stunning architecture, featuring a pyramid-like structure with multiple levels and over 500 Buddha statues. As a UNESCO World Heritage site, Borobudur stands as a symbol of Indonesia's cultural heritage and serves as a significant pilgrimage site for Buddhists.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Borobudur was constructed during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty and reflects the influence of both Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles.
2. The temple is designed in a mandala shape, symbolizing the universe in Buddhist cosmology, with three main tiers representing the desire realm, form realm, and formless realm.
3. There are 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues within Borobudur, which depict various scenes from Buddhist teachings and life stories.
4. The temple was abandoned in the 14th century due to a decline in Buddhism in Java, but it was rediscovered in the early 19th century by Sir Thomas Raffles and underwent restoration.
5. Every year, thousands of pilgrims and tourists visit Borobudur, especially during Vesak, a significant Buddhist holiday celebrating the birth, enlightenment, and death of Buddha.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of Borobudur reflect Buddhist beliefs and cosmology?
  • The architectural design of Borobudur is deeply rooted in Buddhist beliefs and cosmology, as it is constructed in the shape of a mandala. This design represents the universe and illustrates the journey towards enlightenment through its three distinct tiers: the desire realm, form realm, and formless realm. Each level invites pilgrims to engage with the teachings of Buddhism as they ascend, symbolizing their progression towards spiritual awakening.
• Discuss the significance of Borobudur as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and its impact on cultural tourism in Indonesia.
  • As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Borobudur holds immense significance for cultural heritage preservation and education. Its recognition has attracted global attention to Indonesia's rich history and architectural achievements. This status not only boosts cultural tourism but also encourages local communities to participate in conservation efforts while raising awareness about the importance of maintaining such historical landmarks for future generations.
• Evaluate the historical factors that led to Borobudur's abandonment and later restoration efforts in the 19th century.
  • Borobudur was abandoned in the 14th century due to the decline of Buddhism in Java as Islamic influences grew. This shift led to neglect of the site over centuries until it was rediscovered by Sir Thomas Raffles in the early 19th century. Recognizing its cultural value, Raffles initiated restoration efforts that highlighted Borobudur's significance as a Buddhist monument. The restoration not only revived interest in Borobudur but also set a precedent for preserving other historical sites throughout Indonesia.

Related terms

Stupa: A dome-shaped structure that serves as a Buddhist shrine, often housing relics and used as a place for meditation.

Mahayana Buddhism: One of the major branches of Buddhism, emphasizing the role of bodhisattvas and the potential for all beings to achieve enlightenment.

UNESCO World Heritage Site: A landmark or area recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for its cultural, historical, scientific, or other forms of significance.