Neo-Confucianism

Definition

Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical movement that emerged in the Song Dynasty (960–1279) as a response to Buddhism and Daoism, seeking to reinterpret Confucian thought to address spiritual and moral questions. This movement significantly influenced Korean culture, especially during the Joseon Dynasty, shaping various aspects of literature, art, and societal values.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Neo-Confucianism became the dominant ideology during the Joseon Dynasty, replacing Buddhism as the leading philosophical system.
2. It emphasized personal morality and ethics, which were reflected in the literature of the time, including poetry and prose.
3. The rise of Neo-Confucianism also influenced social hierarchies in Korea, promoting a strict class system based on Confucian ideals.
4. The teachings of Neo-Confucian scholars such as Yi Hwang (Toegye) and Yi I (Yulgok) were instrumental in developing this philosophy's unique characteristics in Korea.
5. The impact of Neo-Confucianism extended beyond philosophy into practical areas like governance, education, and family life, shaping Korean identity.

Review Questions

• How did Neo-Confucianism reshape Korean literature during the Joseon Dynasty?
  • Neo-Confucianism profoundly impacted Korean literature by emphasizing themes of morality, ethics, and human relationships. Writers sought to express Confucian ideals through their works, focusing on personal virtue and social harmony. This shift led to the creation of new poetic forms and narratives that reflected the values promoted by Neo-Confucian thought.
• In what ways did Neo-Confucianism influence the political structure and social hierarchy during the Joseon Dynasty?
  • Neo-Confucianism established itself as the state ideology during the Joseon Dynasty, influencing both governance and social order. It emphasized a hierarchical society where roles were clearly defined based on Confucian principles. This philosophy promoted loyalty to the state and family while reinforcing a rigid class structure that prioritized the literati as the ruling elite.
• Evaluate how Neo-Confucianism addressed the spiritual and moral dilemmas presented by Buddhism and Daoism in Korea.
  • Neo-Confucianism provided a framework that sought to reconcile spiritual questions while maintaining a focus on ethical behavior rooted in human relationships. By critiquing elements of Buddhism's focus on enlightenment and Daoism's emphasis on nature, Neo-Confucians aimed to construct a more pragmatic philosophy that prioritized moral integrity within societal contexts. This approach not only redefined spiritual practices in Korea but also established a unique cultural identity that persisted through centuries.

Related terms

Confucianism:

An ancient Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing moral integrity, social harmony, and the importance of familial relationships.

Joseon Dynasty:

A Korean dynastic kingdom that lasted for approximately five centuries, known for its cultural achievements and the establishment of Neo-Confucianism as the state ideology.

Literati: The educated elite in East Asian societies who were often well-versed in literature, philosophy, and governance, playing a key role in promoting Neo-Confucian ideals.