Rulin waishi

Definition

Rulin waishi refers to a genre of Chinese literature that emerged during the Ming and Qing dynasties, characterized by its focus on the lives and experiences of scholars or literati. This genre often includes satirical elements, critiquing the societal norms and bureaucratic systems of the time, particularly in relation to the Confucian ideals that scholars were expected to uphold.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Rulin waishi developed as a response to the rigid social hierarchy and bureaucratic practices in Ming and Qing China, often highlighting the challenges faced by scholars.
2. The genre is known for its blending of narrative fiction with social critique, providing a lens through which to examine contemporary issues of governance and morality.
3. Works in this genre often include themes of personal ambition, moral dilemmas, and the impact of societal expectations on individual choices.
4. Rulin waishi is significant for its reflection of the literati culture during the late imperial period, showcasing both their aspirations and frustrations.
5. Some notable examples of rulin waishi include 'The Plum in the Golden Vase' and 'The Tale of Li Wa,' both of which illustrate the complexities of scholar-official life.

Review Questions

• How does rulin waishi reflect the lives and challenges faced by scholars during the Ming and Qing dynasties?
  • Rulin waishi serves as a narrative form that captures the intricate lives of scholars during this period, highlighting their struggles against societal norms and bureaucratic constraints. These stories often depict the tension between Confucian ideals and the harsh realities of scholarly life, showcasing how scholars navigated issues like ambition, integrity, and moral dilemmas within a rigid social structure.
• In what ways does rulin waishi critique Confucian values and societal norms prevalent in Ming and Qing China?
  • Rulin waishi critiques Confucian values by exposing the contradictions between idealized scholar conduct and actual behaviors within society. Through satire and irony, it questions the effectiveness of Confucian ideals in governing human behavior, revealing how societal pressures can lead to moral compromises. This critique encourages readers to reflect on the genuine nature of virtue versus the performative aspects expected of scholars.
• Evaluate the impact of rulin waishi on later Chinese literature and its relevance to contemporary discussions about societal expectations.
  • Rulin waishi had a lasting impact on Chinese literature by paving the way for future literary forms that explore individual identity versus societal expectations. Its blend of social commentary with character-driven narratives inspired later authors to address themes of alienation, ethical dilemmas, and personal ambition. In contemporary discussions, rulin waishi remains relevant as it prompts reflection on how societal pressures shape individual choices, making it a valuable framework for understanding modern issues related to conformity and moral integrity.

Related terms

Scholarly Literature: Literature that reflects the values, beliefs, and lifestyle of scholars, often emphasizing moral integrity and education.

Confucianism:

A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing morality, social relationships, and justice.

Literati: Educated individuals in Chinese society, often scholars or officials, who were influential in cultural and literary development.