Literary Chinese

Definition

Literary Chinese refers to the classical form of the Chinese language used in written texts from the Zhou dynasty to the early 20th century. It is characterized by its concise syntax and rich vocabulary, which often employs allusions and classical references, making it distinct from modern spoken Chinese. The significance of Literary Chinese is particularly evident in its role as the primary medium of intellectual discourse, historical documentation, and artistic expression throughout much of Chinese history.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Literary Chinese served as the standard written form for scholars and officials, allowing for a unified medium across different regions and dialects in China.
2. The use of Literary Chinese was essential for the civil service examinations, reinforcing its status among the educated elite.
3. The rise of vernacular literature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked a significant cultural shift away from Literary Chinese toward more relatable forms of writing.
4. Literary Chinese is often viewed as a more elitist form of communication, while vernacular literature became popular among the general populace.
5. Despite its decline in everyday use, Literary Chinese remains an important aspect of literary studies, influencing modern Chinese literature and language education.

Review Questions

• How did Literary Chinese influence the education system and intellectual culture in historical China?
  • Literary Chinese was fundamental to the education system in historical China, as it was the language used in civil service examinations. Scholars were required to master Literary Chinese to succeed in these exams, which determined their careers and social standing. This emphasis on Literary Chinese cultivated a rich intellectual culture where classical texts were studied, interpreted, and referenced in scholarly work, thereby shaping China's educational and cultural legacy.
• In what ways did the emergence of vernacular literature challenge the dominance of Literary Chinese during the late imperial period?
  • The emergence of vernacular literature introduced a new way for authors to engage with a broader audience by using language that was accessible and relatable to everyday people. This shift challenged the dominance of Literary Chinese by promoting storytelling styles that departed from classical norms. As writers began to explore themes relevant to contemporary society in vernacular forms, it catalyzed a cultural transformation that encouraged creativity and expression outside traditional confines.
• Evaluate the implications of transitioning from Literary Chinese to vernacular literature on modern Chinese identity and culture.
  • The transition from Literary Chinese to vernacular literature had profound implications for modern Chinese identity and culture. It allowed for greater representation of diverse voices and experiences within society, reflecting a move toward inclusivity. The embrace of vernacular forms enabled writers to address contemporary issues more directly, fostering a sense of national identity that resonated with ordinary citizens. This shift also paved the way for modern literary movements that continue to influence how literature is created and consumed in China today.

Related terms

Vernacular Literature: A style of writing that uses the everyday spoken language of a specific region or culture, contrasting with Literary Chinese and becoming prominent in the late imperial period.

Confucian Classics: A collection of ancient texts foundational to Confucian thought, often composed in Literary Chinese and central to Chinese education and culture.

Benshi: A narrative genre within Chinese literature, typically in vernacular language, that reflects the transition from Literary Chinese to more accessible forms of storytelling.