Arch

Definition

An arch is a curved structure that spans an opening and is used to support weight above it, distributing the load efficiently. This architectural element is fundamental in both Greek and Roman architecture, showcasing advancements in engineering and aesthetics. Arches allowed for the construction of larger and more stable buildings, enabling the creation of grand structures such as aqueducts and monumental gateways.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The use of arches became prominent during the Roman Empire, allowing for innovative designs like the Colosseum and aqueducts.
2. Arches can be constructed using various materials such as stone, brick, or concrete, with each offering unique aesthetic and structural properties.
3. The semicircular arch is the most common type, but variations such as pointed and segmental arches also played significant roles in architectural styles.
4. Arches not only provided structural support but also contributed to the beauty of buildings, enhancing their visual appeal through elegant lines and shapes.
5. The development of the arch marked a turning point in construction techniques, leading to the decline of post-and-lintel systems that relied on flat beams.

Review Questions

• How did the introduction of the arch influence architectural design in Greek and Roman times?
  • The introduction of the arch transformed architectural design by allowing for larger spans and more open spaces than previously possible with post-and-lintel systems. It enabled builders to create monumental structures such as amphitheaters and basilicas, which required expansive interiors. The arch’s ability to support significant weight without compromising stability made it essential in developing grand infrastructure like aqueducts and bridges.
• Discuss the engineering principles behind the construction of an arch and how they contributed to its effectiveness in ancient architecture.
  • The engineering principles behind the construction of an arch involve the distribution of weight through its curved shape, allowing forces to transfer down to the supporting columns or walls. The keystone plays a crucial role by locking the structure in place and preventing displacement. This design not only provides strength but also enables architects to span wider openings while maintaining stability, which was essential for constructing large public buildings and infrastructure.
• Evaluate the significance of arches in Roman engineering innovations and their long-term impact on architecture across civilizations.
  • Arches were pivotal in Roman engineering innovations, facilitating the construction of vast infrastructure that included roads, bridges, and aqueducts. Their use allowed Romans to overcome geographical challenges and improve urban living conditions by ensuring a reliable water supply. The principles developed from Roman arch construction influenced later architectural movements across civilizations, leading to advancements during the Gothic period and even modern architecture, demonstrating their enduring legacy in design and engineering.

Related terms

Vault: A vault is an extended arch that forms a ceiling or roof over a space, allowing for larger enclosed areas in buildings.

Keystone: The keystone is the central stone at the top of an arch that locks all the other stones in place, crucial for maintaining the arch's stability.

Aqueduct: An aqueduct is a bridge-like structure built to transport water from one location to another, often utilizing arches to support its length.