Hittites

Definition

The Hittites were an ancient civilization that flourished in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) and the surrounding regions during the Bronze Age. Known for their advanced society, military prowess, and contributions to law and diplomacy, they played a significant role in the geopolitical landscape of the time, especially during the period leading up to and following the Bronze Age Collapse.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Hittite Empire reached its peak in the 14th century BCE under King Suppiluliuma I, expanding its territory into parts of Syria and Mesopotamia.
2. They are known for their early use of iron technology, which contributed to their military strength and played a role in shaping future societies.
3. The Hittites established one of the first known legal codes, which included laws regarding property rights, marriage, and social order.
4. Their diplomatic strategies included forming alliances through marriages and treaties with other major powers such as Egypt, which culminated in the famous Treaty of Kadesh.
5. The decline of the Hittite civilization around 1200 BCE is often linked to the wider Bronze Age Collapse that saw many neighboring cultures fall into disarray.

Review Questions

• How did the Hittites contribute to advancements in military technology during the Bronze Age?
  • The Hittites were pioneers in adopting and developing iron technology during the Bronze Age, which gave them a significant edge over their rivals who primarily used bronze weapons. This innovation allowed them to create stronger tools and weapons, enabling their military forces to conquer and maintain vast territories. Their advances in chariot warfare also played a crucial role in their military success against neighboring powers.
• Discuss the significance of Hittite diplomacy and its impact on their relationships with other ancient civilizations.
  • Hittite diplomacy was marked by strategic alliances through marriages and treaties, which were essential for maintaining stability in a region filled with competing powers. The most notable example is the Treaty of Kadesh with Egypt, one of the earliest known peace treaties. These diplomatic efforts not only helped secure peace but also facilitated trade and cultural exchange with other major civilizations of the time, enhancing the Hittite Empire's influence.
• Evaluate the factors that led to the decline of the Hittite Empire around 1200 BCE and its connection to the broader Bronze Age Collapse.
  • The decline of the Hittite Empire was influenced by multiple factors, including internal strife, invasions from various groups such as the Sea Peoples, and economic challenges. This downfall is closely tied to the broader Bronze Age Collapse that affected many Mediterranean civilizations. As trade networks collapsed and cities fell into ruin across regions, the Hittites faced increased pressures from external enemies and internal instability, ultimately contributing to their disintegration.

Related terms

Anatolia: A geographical region in modern-day Turkey that was home to several ancient civilizations, including the Hittites, serving as a cultural crossroads between Europe and Asia.

Bronze Age: A historical period characterized by the use of bronze for tools and weapons, significant advancements in agriculture, trade, and urbanization, and notable civilizations like the Hittites, Egyptians, and Mycenaeans.

Cuneiform: One of the earliest systems of writing developed by the Sumerians and adopted by various cultures, including the Hittites, for recording laws, treaties, and administrative documents.