Stephen Krashen

Definition

Stephen Krashen is a prominent linguist and educational researcher known for his theories on second language acquisition, particularly his Input Hypothesis, which emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input in language learning. His work has profoundly influenced language teaching methodologies by advocating for naturalistic and immersive learning experiences, arguing that meaningful interaction in the target language is crucial for developing fluency and proficiency.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Krashen's Input Hypothesis states that language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to language that they can understand, referred to as 'i+1,' where 'i' is their current level of competence.
2. He believes that formal grammar instruction is less effective than engaging with language in meaningful contexts, which leads to better retention and fluency.
3. Krashen posits that a supportive emotional environment reduces the affective filter, allowing learners to process language more effectively.
4. His theories have led to a greater emphasis on immersion programs and communicative language teaching in educational settings.
5. Krashen has written extensively on the relationship between reading and language acquisition, asserting that reading widely can greatly enhance vocabulary and overall language skills.

Review Questions

• How does Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis contribute to our understanding of second language acquisition?
  • Krashen's Input Hypothesis highlights the necessity of comprehensible input for effective second language acquisition. He argues that learners acquire language when they are exposed to input that is just beyond their current proficiency level, enabling them to grasp new concepts in a natural context. This insight encourages educators to focus on creating rich, engaging language environments that provide meaningful interactions rather than relying solely on traditional grammar instruction.
• Discuss how Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis influences teaching strategies for second language learners.
  • The Affective Filter Hypothesis suggests that emotional factors such as motivation and anxiety can significantly impact a learner's ability to acquire a second language. Teachers who understand this concept may adopt strategies aimed at creating a supportive and low-stress classroom atmosphere. By fostering positive relationships, encouraging participation, and reducing anxiety through engaging activities, educators can help lower the affective filter, thereby enhancing the likelihood of successful language acquisition.
• Evaluate the implications of Krashen's theories for modern language education practices in a diverse classroom setting.
  • Krashen's theories have significant implications for modern language education practices, especially in diverse classrooms where learners come from various backgrounds and proficiency levels. His emphasis on comprehensible input encourages teachers to differentiate instruction and provide varied resources that cater to individual needs. Furthermore, recognizing the role of the affective filter highlights the importance of creating an inclusive environment that promotes confidence and motivation among students. This holistic approach can lead to more effective and equitable learning experiences for all students, regardless of their starting point in language acquisition.

Related terms

Comprehensible Input: Language input that is slightly above the current level of the learner's understanding, allowing them to acquire new vocabulary and structures in context.

Affective Filter Hypothesis: A theory suggesting that emotional factors such as anxiety, motivation, and self-confidence can influence language acquisition, either facilitating or hindering the process.

Natural Approach: A language teaching method developed by Krashen and Tracy Terrell that focuses on providing a low-anxiety environment and using naturalistic, meaningful communication to promote language learning.