Vishishtadvaita

Definition

Vishishtadvaita, or 'qualified non-dualism', is a school of Vedanta philosophy that asserts the unity of the individual soul (jiva) with the ultimate reality (Brahman), while also recognizing their distinctness. This philosophy promotes a relationship where Brahman is seen as the whole, and individual souls are its qualified parts, emphasizing devotion and personal connection to God.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Vishishtadvaita was most prominently articulated by the philosopher Ramanuja in the 11th century, who emphasized devotion to a personal god, particularly Vishnu.
2. Unlike Advaita, which sees no difference between Atman and Brahman, vishishtadvaita maintains that while they are united, they are still distinct entities.
3. The practice of Bhakti is central to vishishtadvaita, as it fosters an emotional connection with God and encourages worship through devotion and love.
4. In vishishtadvaita, achieving Mokṣa involves recognizing one's relationship with Brahman and engaging in loving devotion to attain liberation.
5. The philosophy has influenced various Bhakti movements across India, promoting inclusivity and accessibility in spiritual practices.

Review Questions

• How does vishishtadvaita differ from Advaita in its understanding of the relationship between the individual soul and Brahman?
  • Vishishtadvaita differs from Advaita primarily in its view on the relationship between the individual soul (jiva) and Brahman. While Advaita asserts that there is no real distinction between Atman and Brahman, teaching complete non-dualism, vishishtadvaita acknowledges both their unity and distinctiveness. It posits that while individual souls are part of Brahman, they maintain their unique identities, which shapes their approach to spirituality and devotion.
• Discuss the role of Bhakti within the framework of vishishtadvaita philosophy and its impact on spiritual practices.
  • Within vishishtadvaita philosophy, Bhakti plays a crucial role by emphasizing devotion to a personal god, such as Vishnu. This form of worship allows practitioners to engage emotionally with their deity, fostering a deep personal connection that enhances their spiritual experience. The impact of Bhakti in this context has led to the rise of various devotional movements that prioritize love and surrender to God over ritualistic practices, making spirituality more accessible and inclusive for all.
• Evaluate how the concept of Mokṣa in vishishtadvaita offers a different perspective compared to other Vedanta schools regarding liberation.
  • In vishishtadvaita, Mokṣa is understood not just as liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth but also as attaining a loving relationship with Brahman. Unlike some other Vedanta schools that may emphasize knowledge or meditation as primary means to liberation, vishishtadvaita highlights Bhakti and devotion as essential paths. This perspective promotes an active engagement with the divine through love and surrender, suggesting that true liberation involves both union with Brahman and recognition of one's unique identity within that unity.

Related terms

Advaita: Advaita is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta that teaches the identity of the individual soul (Atman) and Brahman, claiming that there is no real distinction between them.

Bhakti: Bhakti refers to a devotional practice that emphasizes love and devotion towards a personal god, playing a significant role in various Indian spiritual traditions.

Mokṣa: Mokṣa is the liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) and the ultimate goal of human life in Hindu philosophy.