The relationship between brahman and atman

Definition

The relationship between brahman and atman is a central concept in Indian philosophy, particularly within the Vedānta schools. Brahman refers to the ultimate, unchanging reality that is the source of all existence, while atman is the individual self or soul that seeks to understand its true nature. The relationship highlights the idea that atman is not separate from brahman but rather a manifestation of it, emphasizing the unity of all existence and the potential for self-realization through understanding this connection.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The realization of the oneness between brahman and atman is considered essential for achieving moksha, or liberation.
2. Advaita Vedānta posits that the perceived duality between brahman and atman is an illusion (maya), and true understanding dissolves this illusion.
3. In Dvaita Vedānta, a dualistic interpretation, brahman and atman are seen as distinct, with individual souls eternally separate from the ultimate reality.
4. The relationship also underscores the importance of self-inquiry and meditation practices aimed at discovering the true nature of atman.
5. Different Vedānta schools offer varying interpretations of this relationship, impacting their philosophical teachings and spiritual practices.

Review Questions

• How does the relationship between brahman and atman shape individual spiritual practices in different Vedānta schools?
  • The relationship between brahman and atman influences spiritual practices across Vedānta schools by determining how individuals approach self-realization. In Advaita Vedānta, practices emphasize meditation and self-inquiry to dissolve the illusion of separation between atman and brahman. In contrast, Dvaita Vedānta focuses on devotion to a personal god while recognizing a distinct separation. This divergence in understanding leads to varied paths toward liberation based on each school's interpretation of this fundamental relationship.
• Discuss how the concept of maya relates to the understanding of brahman and atman in Advaita Vedānta.
  • In Advaita Vedānta, maya refers to the illusion that creates a false sense of separation between brahman and atman. This concept is crucial because it explains why individuals perceive themselves as distinct from the ultimate reality. By recognizing that maya obscures the true nature of existence, practitioners aim to transcend these illusions through philosophical inquiry and meditative practices. The ultimate goal is to realize that atman is fundamentally one with brahman, thereby achieving liberation from samsara.
• Evaluate the implications of differing interpretations of the relationship between brahman and atman among various Vedānta schools on their views of reality.
  • Different interpretations of the relationship between brahman and atman among Vedānta schools lead to diverse understandings of reality itself. Advaita Vedānta's non-dualism suggests a unified reality where individual consciousness merges with the ultimate being, promoting an experience of oneness. Conversely, Dvaita Vedānta's dualistic view maintains that individual souls exist separately from God, leading to a framework where devotion and worship are paramount. These contrasting perspectives shape not only philosophical discourse but also influence ethical behavior, spiritual goals, and the nature of existence as understood by their adherents.

Related terms

Moksha:

The liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara), achieved through realizing the oneness of atman and brahman.

Advaita Vedānta:

A non-dualistic school of Vedānta that asserts there is no real difference between brahman and atman, advocating that they are ultimately one.

Samsara:

The continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, which individuals seek to escape through spiritual realization.