Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple located on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. This iconic structure represents the pinnacle of Classical architecture, showcasing the Doric order and embodying the principles of harmony, proportion, and beauty that defined ancient Greek architectural ideals. Its influence extends beyond its time, inspiring Neoclassical architecture which sought to emulate its grandeur and perfection in later periods.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC and was completed in 432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire.
2. The Parthenon housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos made of gold and ivory, created by the sculptor Phidias, which stood over 40 feet tall.
3. The temple is renowned for its architectural refinements, including slight curvature in its columns and entablature, designed to counteract optical illusions.
4. The Parthenon served not only as a religious temple but also as a treasury and a symbol of Athenian democracy and cultural achievement.
5. Over the centuries, the Parthenon has undergone various transformations, including serving as a Christian church and later as a mosque during Ottoman rule.

Review Questions

• How does the design of the Parthenon exemplify the principles of Classical architecture?
  • The design of the Parthenon exemplifies Classical architecture through its adherence to harmony, proportion, and symmetry. It features a Doric order with robust columns that evoke strength, while its proportions are meticulously calculated to create visual appeal. The subtle curvature of the columns and entablature demonstrates an understanding of optical correction, ensuring that it appears perfectly straight from a distance. These features combined reflect the ideals of beauty and order that were central to ancient Greek architectural philosophy.
• What role did the Parthenon play in Athenian society beyond being a temple for worship?
  • Beyond serving as a temple dedicated to Athena, the Parthenon played a crucial role as a treasury for the Delian League funds, showcasing Athenian wealth and power. It also symbolized Athenian democracy and cultural achievements during its construction, representing unity and pride among Athenians. The Parthenon's significance was not only religious but also political and economic, making it a cornerstone of Athenian identity in its time.
• Evaluate how the Parthenon influenced Neoclassical architecture in later centuries.
  • The Parthenon's influence on Neoclassical architecture is profound, as it served as a model for architects seeking to revive classical ideals during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Neoclassical buildings often incorporated elements like porticoes with columns resembling those of the Parthenon, emphasizing symmetry and grandeur. This revival was tied to Enlightenment values celebrating reason and civic virtue, drawing inspiration from ancient Greece as an ideal society. The Parthenon's enduring legacy continues to be seen in various public buildings around the world that reflect its majestic style.

Related terms

Doric Order: A style of classical architecture characterized by sturdy columns with fluted shafts and simple capitals, exemplified by the Parthenon's design.

Acropolis: An ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above Athens, home to several significant buildings including the Parthenon, symbolizing the power and culture of Athens.

Neoclassicism: An artistic and architectural movement that emerged in the late 18th century, drawing inspiration from the classical art and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.