Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a monumental temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, located on the Acropolis of Athens. It symbolizes the height of ancient Greek architectural achievement and represents the cultural and political power of Athens during its golden age, particularly under the leadership of Pericles. The Parthenon not only served religious purposes but also stood as a testament to the values and ideals of Athenian democracy and civilization.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BCE and was completed in 432 BCE during the height of the Athenian Empire.
2. The Parthenon housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos, created by the sculptor Phidias, which was made of ivory and gold.
3. The temple is an example of Doric architecture, but it also incorporates elements of the Ionic order, showcasing advanced techniques in symmetry and proportions.
4. During its history, the Parthenon has served various functions, including a church and a mosque, reflecting the changing political and cultural landscape over centuries.
5. The Parthenon remains a symbol of ancient Greece's influence on Western culture, representing ideals such as democracy, art, and philosophy.

Review Questions

• How does the Parthenon's architectural design reflect the values of Athenian society during its construction?
  • The architectural design of the Parthenon embodies key values of Athenian society, such as harmony, beauty, and order. Its use of the Doric order conveys strength and simplicity, while its intricate sculptures depict mythological scenes that celebrate Athenian identity and values. The temple's proportions and attention to detail demonstrate the Athenian commitment to excellence in art and architecture, reflecting their belief in democracy and civic pride during a time when Athens was at its peak.
• Discuss the role of the Parthenon in Athenian politics and religion during the 5th century BCE.
  • The Parthenon played a significant role in both politics and religion in 5th century BCE Athens. As a temple dedicated to Athena, it served as a religious center where rituals and ceremonies were conducted to honor the goddess. Politically, it symbolized Athenian power and unity during the Golden Age under Pericles. The temple's grandeur also reinforced Athens' status as a leading city-state in Greece, showcasing its cultural achievements while fostering a sense of collective identity among its citizens.
• Evaluate how the legacy of the Parthenon has influenced modern perceptions of ancient Greece and democracy.
  • The legacy of the Parthenon has profoundly influenced modern perceptions of ancient Greece as a cradle of democracy and culture. Its architectural style set standards that continue to inspire contemporary buildings, especially in government and civic architecture. Moreover, as a symbol of democratic ideals, it reminds us of Greece's contributions to philosophy, governance, and art. This influence shapes how modern societies view themselves in relation to ancient ideals, reinforcing ongoing dialogues about democracy's evolution and significance.

Related terms

Athena:

The Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts, who was the patron deity of Athens and central to Athenian identity.

Doric Order:

One of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture characterized by simple, sturdy columns and a plain capital, exemplified by the Parthenon’s design.

Acropolis:

An elevated area in Athens that served as a religious center, featuring important structures like the Parthenon and other temples dedicated to various deities.