Adi Shankara

Definition

Adi Shankara was an influential Indian philosopher and theologian who lived in the early 8th century CE and is best known for consolidating the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, which emphasizes non-dualism and the ultimate unity of the individual soul (Atman) with the universal consciousness (Brahman). His work played a crucial role in the historical development of Hinduism, particularly by reviving the philosophical traditions of the Upanishads and challenging dualistic interpretations of reality.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Adi Shankara traveled extensively across India, establishing monasteries (mathas) to promote Advaita Vedanta and training disciples who would continue his teachings.
2. He wrote numerous commentaries on ancient texts, including the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras, which clarified and supported his non-dualistic philosophy.
3. Shankara's teachings emphasized the importance of self-inquiry and meditation as means to realize one's true nature beyond the physical body.
4. He is credited with revitalizing Hinduism at a time when Buddhism was gaining popularity in India, arguing for the relevance of Hindu philosophical traditions.
5. Shankara’s influence extends beyond philosophy; his ideas have shaped various practices and beliefs within contemporary Hinduism, promoting a sense of unity among diverse sects.

Review Questions

• How did Adi Shankara's philosophy of Advaita Vedanta challenge existing dualistic interpretations within Hindu thought?
  • Adi Shankara's philosophy of Advaita Vedanta fundamentally challenged dualistic interpretations by asserting that there is no real separation between Atman (the individual soul) and Brahman (the ultimate reality). He argued that this perceived duality is an illusion created by Maya, thus encouraging individuals to look beyond differences and recognize their inherent unity with the cosmos. His teachings prompted a reevaluation of how reality was understood in relation to spirituality and existence.
• In what ways did Adi Shankara contribute to the historical development of Hinduism during his lifetime?
  • Adi Shankara significantly contributed to Hinduism's historical development by reviving interest in ancient texts like the Upanishads through his commentaries, which helped shape philosophical discourse. He established monastic centers throughout India, promoting Advaita Vedanta as a cohesive doctrine that attracted followers. By effectively engaging with other religious philosophies, including Buddhism, Shankara fortified Hindu identity and addressed spiritual seekers' questions about ultimate reality.
• Evaluate the lasting impact of Adi Shankara's teachings on contemporary Hindu practices and beliefs.
  • The lasting impact of Adi Shankara's teachings on contemporary Hindu practices is evident in the widespread acceptance of non-dualistic concepts within various sects. His emphasis on self-inquiry and meditation continues to resonate with many spiritual seekers who strive for enlightenment. Moreover, his advocacy for a unified understanding of divinity fosters an inclusive environment within modern Hinduism, bridging gaps between diverse traditions while promoting philosophical coherence that remains influential today.

Related terms

Advaita Vedanta: A non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy that teaches that the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman) are one and the same.

Upanishads: Ancient Indian texts that form the philosophical basis of Hinduism, focusing on meditation, morality, and the nature of reality.

Maya: The illusion or appearance of the physical world in Hindu philosophy, which obscures the true nature of reality as non-dual.