Transformed cell

Definition

A transformed cell is a cell that has undergone a permanent alteration in its genetic makeup, typically as a result of the introduction of foreign DNA. This transformation allows the cell to acquire new traits, such as the ability to grow indefinitely or produce specific proteins. In biotechnology, transformed cells are essential for applications like cloning, gene expression studies, and the development of genetically modified organisms.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Transformed cells can be derived from various organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells, depending on the intended application.
2. The process of transformation often involves the use of vectors like plasmids, which carry the desired genetic material into the host cell.
3. Transformed cells are commonly used in research for producing proteins, studying gene function, and creating animal models for human diseases.
4. Not all cells can be easily transformed; specific methods and conditions must be optimized for different cell types to achieve successful transformation.
5. Transformed cells can exhibit characteristics such as increased growth rates and resistance to certain environmental stresses due to their new genetic traits.

Review Questions

• How does the process of transformation differ between bacterial and mammalian cells?
  • The process of transformation in bacterial cells typically involves natural mechanisms like uptake of naked DNA or artificial methods such as electroporation. In contrast, transforming mammalian cells often requires transfection techniques that facilitate the introduction of foreign DNA into the cell nucleus. While bacteria can naturally take up DNA from their environment, mammalian cells may need additional steps like using liposomes or viral vectors to effectively deliver the genetic material.
• Discuss the role of plasmids in the creation of transformed cells and how they function as vectors.
  • Plasmids serve as crucial vectors in creating transformed cells by carrying foreign DNA into a host cell. When a plasmid is engineered with a gene of interest, it can be introduced into a bacterial or eukaryotic cell. Once inside, the plasmid replicates independently from the host's chromosomal DNA and can express the introduced gene. This ability to replicate and express foreign genes makes plasmids indispensable tools in molecular cloning and genetic engineering.
• Evaluate the implications of using transformed cells in biotechnology, considering both benefits and potential risks.
  • Using transformed cells in biotechnology offers significant benefits, such as producing therapeutic proteins, developing vaccines, and creating genetically modified crops that enhance food security. However, there are potential risks associated with this technology, including environmental concerns related to genetically modified organisms escaping into wild populations and ethical considerations surrounding genetic modifications in animals and humans. Balancing these benefits and risks is crucial for responsible use of transformed cells in research and commercial applications.

Related terms

Recombinant DNA: DNA that has been artificially formed by combining constituents from different organisms, often used in creating transformed cells.

Plasmid: A small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can be used as a vector to introduce foreign DNA into a host cell.

Transfection: The process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells, often leading to the creation of transformed cells.