Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Definition

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a group of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of most terrestrial plants, facilitating nutrient exchange and enhancing plant growth. These fungi penetrate the root cells and create specialized structures called arbuscules, which increase the surface area for nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus. This mutualistic relationship not only benefits the plants by improving nutrient uptake but also enhances soil structure and health.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are estimated to associate with around 80% of terrestrial plant species, significantly enhancing their nutrient uptake capabilities.
2. AMF are particularly effective in improving phosphorus availability to plants, which is essential for energy transfer and photosynthesis.
3. The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil can lead to improved plant resistance against pathogens and environmental stressors.
4. These fungi contribute to soil structure by forming aggregates, which enhance water retention and reduce erosion.
5. In agriculture, AMF can be used as biofertilizers to promote sustainable crop production by enhancing nutrient efficiency without relying heavily on chemical fertilizers.

Review Questions

• How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant growth and health?
  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant growth by forming a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, allowing for increased nutrient absorption. Specifically, they improve phosphorus uptake, which is critical for energy transfer in plants. Additionally, these fungi improve overall soil health by contributing to better soil structure and helping plants resist pathogens and environmental stressors.
• Discuss the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable agriculture practices.
  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by acting as biofertilizers that boost nutrient availability to crops without excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers. Their ability to enhance nutrient efficiency not only leads to healthier plants but also promotes soil health through improved structure and microbial diversity. Utilizing AMF can lead to reduced input costs for farmers while supporting environmentally friendly practices.
• Evaluate the implications of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on ecosystem health and biodiversity.
  • The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has significant implications for ecosystem health and biodiversity. By facilitating nutrient exchange between plants and soil, these fungi support a diverse range of plant species, contributing to greater plant community diversity. Healthy plant communities foster rich habitats for various organisms, enhancing overall biodiversity. Moreover, by improving soil structure and resilience against erosion, AMF promote stable ecosystems capable of withstanding environmental changes.

Related terms

Mycorrhiza: A symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots that enhances nutrient uptake for the plant and provides carbohydrates to the fungus.

Endomycorrhizae: A type of mycorrhizae in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the plant root cells, such as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Soil Microbiome: The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit the soil and play vital roles in nutrient cycling and soil health.