Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple located on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, who was regarded as the patroness of the city. This architectural marvel represents the pinnacle of Doric design and is celebrated for its exceptional proportions, intricate sculptures, and historical significance in ancient Greek culture. It not only served as a religious sanctuary but also symbolized the power and wealth of Athens during its Golden Age.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BCE and was completed in 432 BCE, during the height of the Athenian Empire.
2. The Parthenon features numerous sculptural elements, including the famous Elgin Marbles, which were originally part of the temple's friezes and pediments.
3. The building was designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates, with sculptor Phidias overseeing the artistic details and decoration.
4. Originally constructed as a temple to Athena, the Parthenon later served various functions, including a Christian church and an Ottoman mosque.
5. The Parthenon's architectural innovations include subtle curves and optical illusions that create a sense of harmony and perfection, making it an enduring symbol of classical architecture.

Review Questions

• How does the design of the Parthenon exemplify the principles of the Doric Order in ancient Greek architecture?
  • The Parthenon's design perfectly showcases Doric architectural principles through its sturdy columns, which are fluted and feature simple capitals. The temple's proportionate layout emphasizes balance and harmony, key elements in Doric design. Additionally, it incorporates entasis, a slight curvature in the columns that creates an illusion of straightness from a distance, demonstrating the advanced understanding of aesthetics possessed by its architects.
• Discuss the historical significance of the Parthenon in relation to Athens' Golden Age.
  • The Parthenon serves as a powerful symbol of Athens' Golden Age, reflecting its cultural and political dominance in ancient Greece. Constructed during a time of prosperity following victories in the Persian Wars, the temple represented both religious devotion to Athena and Athenian civic pride. Its grandeur and artistic achievements epitomize the advancements in art and architecture during this era, marking Athens as a center of culture and democracy.
• Evaluate the impact of various historical changes on the function and perception of the Parthenon throughout history.
  • Throughout history, the Parthenon has undergone significant transformations in function and perception due to various socio-political changes. Initially built as a temple dedicated to Athena, it later became a Christian church and subsequently an Ottoman mosque. Each transformation altered its architectural integrity and symbolic meaning while also showcasing how cultures repurpose sacred spaces according to their beliefs. Today, it stands not only as an enduring monument to ancient Greek architecture but also as a testament to the complex history of cultural interchange in Europe.

Related terms

Doric Order: The Doric Order is one of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by sturdy columns with fluted shafts and plain capitals.

Acropolis: The Acropolis is a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, home to several significant ancient buildings, including the Parthenon, which served as a religious and cultural center.

Frieze:

A frieze is a decorative band or panel that runs along the upper part of a wall, often adorned with relief sculptures, such as those found on the Parthenon.