Middle English Period

Definition

The Middle English Period refers to the stage of the English language and literature that lasted from approximately 1150 to 1500. This era marks a significant transformation in the language, heavily influenced by Norman French due to the Norman Conquest, which introduced a wealth of vocabulary and changes in grammar, setting the stage for further linguistic evolution.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Middle English Period saw a shift from Old English, heavily influenced by Germanic roots, to a more simplified grammatical structure and an expanded vocabulary due to French influence.
2. This period is marked by significant works of literature, including 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight' and Chaucer's 'The Canterbury Tales,' which highlight the diversity of dialects and themes in Middle English literature.
3. The Great Vowel Shift began toward the end of the Middle English Period, drastically altering the pronunciation of vowels and laying the groundwork for Modern English.
4. The use of Latin and French remained prevalent in legal and religious contexts during this time, but Middle English became increasingly recognized as a legitimate language for literature and communication.
5. By the end of the Middle English Period, there was a growing sense of national identity that contributed to the standardization of English, as writers sought to unify various dialects into a more cohesive language.

Review Questions

• How did the Norman Conquest influence the development of the Middle English language?
  • The Norman Conquest in 1066 had a profound impact on the development of Middle English by introducing a substantial amount of French vocabulary into the English language. As the Normans became the ruling class, their language permeated various aspects of life, including law, government, and culture. This blending of languages not only enriched English but also altered its grammatical structures, making it more accessible to a wider audience as it evolved during this period.
• In what ways did literary works from the Middle English Period reflect societal changes occurring at that time?
  • Literary works from the Middle English Period, such as Chaucer's 'The Canterbury Tales,' reflect significant societal changes by showcasing a diverse range of characters from different social classes and occupations. These narratives often explore themes of morality, social norms, and human behavior, highlighting both individual experiences and broader societal issues. The use of vernacular language also made literature more relatable to everyday people, illustrating a shift towards valuing local culture and identity.
• Evaluate how the transition from Middle English to Modern English represents a broader cultural shift in England during the late medieval period.
  • The transition from Middle English to Modern English signifies not just linguistic evolution but also reflects broader cultural shifts in England during the late medieval period. As national identity began to emerge following centuries of feudalism and foreign rule, there was a growing desire for a unified language that represented all classes. The standardization of English, accelerated by print culture and education reforms, allowed for greater communication across regions, contributing to political unity and cultural cohesion as England moved toward the Renaissance.

Related terms

Norman Conquest: The invasion and settlement of England by the Normans in 1066, which led to profound changes in the English language and culture.

Chaucer: Geoffrey Chaucer was a key figure of the Middle English Period known for his work 'The Canterbury Tales,' which provides insight into the language and society of the time.

Dialect Variation: The existence of different regional forms of Middle English, which varied significantly in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar across England.