Advaita

Definition

Advaita is a philosophical concept in Indian philosophy that emphasizes non-dualism, asserting that the individual self (Atman) is fundamentally identical to the ultimate reality (Brahman). This idea challenges the perception of duality between the self and the universe, advocating for a realization of their inherent unity.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Advaita is rooted in the Upanishads, ancient texts that explore the nature of reality and self, emphasizing the unity of Atman and Brahman.
2. Adi Shankara, an influential philosopher and theologian, significantly shaped Advaita Vedanta through his commentaries on sacred texts and debates with opposing philosophies.
3. The core practice in Advaita is self-inquiry, which involves deep contemplation to realize one's true nature as non-different from Brahman.
4. In Advaita, liberation (moksha) is achieved through understanding and experiencing the non-dual nature of reality, transcending ignorance and illusion.
5. Advaita differentiates itself from other schools of thought by rejecting the notion of a personal god who exists separately from the individual soul.

Review Questions

• How does Advaita differ from dualistic philosophies in its understanding of the relationship between Atman and Brahman?
  • Advaita differs from dualistic philosophies by asserting that Atman and Brahman are fundamentally one, meaning there is no real separation between the individual self and the ultimate reality. While dualistic philosophies posit a distinct separation between the self and a personal god or ultimate reality, Advaita teaches that this perceived separation is an illusion caused by ignorance. Realizing this non-duality leads to liberation from suffering and misunderstanding.
• Discuss how Adi Shankara's contributions influenced the development of Advaita Vedanta as a prominent school of Indian philosophy.
  • Adi Shankara played a crucial role in establishing Advaita Vedanta as a key philosophical school by writing extensive commentaries on foundational texts like the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras. His arguments against various competing schools, such as Dvaita (dualism), helped clarify and defend the principles of non-dualism. Shankara's teachings emphasized experiential knowledge over ritualistic practices, encouraging direct realization of one's identity with Brahman, which solidified Advaita's influence across India.
• Evaluate the significance of understanding Maya in Advaita philosophy and its implications for spiritual practice.
  • Understanding Maya is essential in Advaita philosophy as it explains how individuals perceive duality and separation in a world that is ultimately non-dual. Maya represents the illusions that cloud true knowledge of reality, which can lead to suffering and confusion. Recognizing Maya enables practitioners to engage in spiritual practices aimed at transcending these illusions, thus facilitating a deeper inquiry into their true nature as Atman, ultimately leading to liberation. This insight profoundly impacts both philosophical discourse and practical approaches to achieving spiritual awakening.

Related terms

Brahman:

The ultimate, unchanging reality in Advaita philosophy, which is the source of all existence and is identified with pure consciousness.

Atman:

The individual self or soul in Hindu philosophy, considered to be eternal and ultimately one with Brahman in Advaita.

Maya: The illusion or deceptive nature of the world that causes individuals to perceive duality, leading them away from the realization of non-duality.