Short-term memory

Definition

Short-term memory is a cognitive system that temporarily holds a small amount of information for brief periods, typically ranging from a few seconds to a minute. It plays a crucial role in everyday tasks, allowing individuals to retain and manipulate information needed for immediate use, such as remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. This type of memory is fundamental for cognitive processes and interacts with long-term memory to facilitate learning and recall.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Short-term memory typically has a limited capacity, often cited as holding about 7±2 items at once, according to Miller's law.
2. Information in short-term memory is usually retained for about 15 to 30 seconds without active rehearsal or encoding.
3. Short-term memory can be improved through techniques such as rehearsal, chunking, and the use of mnemonic devices.
4. A decline in short-term memory can be observed with age, affecting how older adults process and recall new information.
5. Distraction can significantly impair short-term memory performance, as it interrupts the retention of information during the brief holding period.

Review Questions

• How does short-term memory interact with other types of memory systems like long-term memory?
  • Short-term memory acts as a bridge between sensory input and long-term storage. When we encounter new information, it first enters our short-term memory, where it can be actively processed and manipulated. If this information is rehearsed or encoded effectively, it may then transition into long-term memory for more permanent storage. This interaction is essential for learning new skills or facts.
• Discuss the implications of limited capacity in short-term memory on daily functioning and learning.
  • The limited capacity of short-term memory means that individuals can only hold a small amount of information at once. This limitation can affect daily tasks such as multitasking or following complex instructions, leading to potential errors or forgetfulness. In learning environments, it suggests that breaking down complex material into smaller chunks can enhance understanding and retention by fitting within the constraints of short-term memory.
• Evaluate the effects of aging on short-term memory and its impact on cognitive functions in older adults.
  • As individuals age, research shows a noticeable decline in short-term memory capabilities, which can affect their overall cognitive functions. This decline may lead to difficulties in processing new information quickly and retaining it for immediate use. The impact extends beyond just memory loss; it can hinder problem-solving abilities, learning new skills, and managing everyday tasks, ultimately influencing the quality of life for older adults.

Related terms

Working Memory:

A part of short-term memory that is responsible for the manipulation and processing of information rather than just storing it.

Long-Term Memory: A more permanent storage system that holds information for extended periods, often categorized into explicit and implicit memories.

Chunking: A strategy used to improve short-term memory capacity by grouping information into larger, more manageable units.