Victor Hugo

Definition

Victor Hugo was a prominent French poet, novelist, and playwright who became one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement in the 19th century. His works often emphasized individualism, emotion, and social issues, challenging the classical norms of theatre and literature. Hugo's writings, including his famous play 'Hernani,' played a critical role in the evolution of drama and set the stage for later theatrical developments.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Victor Hugo is best known for his literary works such as 'Les Misérables' and 'The Hunchback of Notre-Dame,' but he also made a lasting impact on theatre with his plays.
2. The premiere of 'Hernani' in 1830 ignited a cultural battle between advocates of classical theatre and supporters of Romanticism, known as the 'Battle of Hernani.'
3. Hugo's call for greater freedom in artistic expression resonated with younger playwrights and influenced the direction of 19th-century drama.
4. He often used his works to address social issues such as poverty, justice, and human rights, making him a significant voice in the political landscape of his time.
5. Victor Hugo's emphasis on emotional depth and character complexity marked a shift away from the strict adherence to unities that defined classical theatre.

Review Questions

• How did Victor Hugo's approach to drama differ from traditional classical forms?
  • Victor Hugo's approach to drama broke away from traditional classical forms by emphasizing emotional depth, character complexity, and social themes. While classical theatre focused on strict unities of time, place, and action, Hugo championed a more fluid structure that allowed for rich narratives and intense emotional experiences. This shift was particularly evident in his play 'Hernani,' where he challenged established norms and laid the groundwork for future developments in Romantic theatre.
• What were the main implications of the Battle of Hernani for the future of French theatre?
  • The Battle of Hernani had profound implications for French theatre as it marked a turning point in the acceptance of Romanticism. The passionate debates surrounding Hugo's play highlighted a generational divide between supporters of classical traditions and those advocating for a more expressive style. Ultimately, this conflict opened doors for new artistic freedoms in theatre, leading to an embrace of diverse styles and themes that characterized 19th-century drama.
• Evaluate Victor Hugo's lasting impact on both literature and social issues through his works.
  • Victor Hugo's lasting impact extends beyond his literary contributions; he also used his platform to address pressing social issues like poverty, injustice, and human rights. His novels and plays not only entertained but also served as powerful critiques of society. By weaving these themes into his narratives, Hugo inspired subsequent generations to consider literature as a means for social change. This dual focus on art and activism solidified his legacy as not just a literary giant but also a pivotal figure in the broader discourse on societal reform.

Related terms

Romanticism: An artistic and literary movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and the beauty of nature, often contrasting with the rationality of the Enlightenment.

Hernani:

'Hernani' is a play written by Victor Hugo that premiered in 1830, which sparked a significant debate over the rules of drama and the direction of French theatre.

Drama: A mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance, which Hugo significantly influenced by introducing themes of emotion and social justice.