Capital

Definition

In architecture, a capital is the uppermost part of a column or pilaster that serves to support the horizontal structure above it, such as an architrave or entablature. The design of capitals varies significantly across different architectural orders, showcasing artistic and stylistic features that reflect the culture and period they belong to, with Greek capitals being a foundational element in classical architecture.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Capitals are essential in differentiating the three Greek architectural orders: Doric capitals are simple and unadorned, Ionic capitals feature volutes (spiral scrolls), and Corinthian capitals are ornate with acanthus leaves.
2. Capitals not only serve a structural purpose but also play a crucial role in the aesthetic appeal of buildings, allowing architects to convey cultural and artistic values.
3. The evolution of capital designs can be traced through history, reflecting changes in architectural styles and preferences over time.
4. Capitals were often elaborately carved and decorated with motifs that were symbolic or representative of the culture they originated from.
5. In addition to classical architecture, the concept of capitals has influenced many subsequent architectural styles, demonstrating their lasting impact on design.

Review Questions

• Compare and contrast the designs of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian capitals and explain how these differences reflect their respective architectural orders.
  • Doric capitals are characterized by their simplicity and lack of ornamentation, reflecting the sturdy and functional nature of the Doric order. In contrast, Ionic capitals are adorned with volutes that give them a more elegant appearance, symbolizing gracefulness. Corinthian capitals stand out with their elaborate design featuring acanthus leaves, representing opulence. These differences not only distinguish each order visually but also highlight the underlying cultural values associated with them, such as strength in Doric architecture versus refinement in Corinthian.
• Discuss the significance of capitals in classical architecture and their role in enhancing both structural integrity and aesthetic appeal.
  • Capitals play a vital role in classical architecture by providing necessary support for horizontal elements like entablatures while also contributing to the overall aesthetic of a structure. The diverse designs of capitals allow for creative expression within architectural orders, enabling architects to convey artistic themes and cultural identities. Additionally, capitals bridge the vertical columns with the horizontal elements above them, creating a visual transition that enhances the harmony and balance of classical buildings.
• Evaluate how the evolution of capital designs over time has influenced modern architectural practices and what this suggests about the continuity of architectural language.
  • The evolution of capital designs from classical antiquity through the Renaissance to modern architecture indicates a dialogue between historical styles and contemporary needs. Modern architects have drawn inspiration from the diverse forms of capitals, adapting their ornamental qualities while often simplifying them for practical applications. This blending illustrates how historical architectural elements continue to inform current design philosophies, suggesting that elements like capitals maintain relevance as symbols of cultural identity while allowing flexibility in interpretation.

Related terms

Column: A vertical structural element that supports weight and can be decorative, typically consisting of a base, shaft, and capital.

Entablature:

The horizontal structure supported by columns, composed of several parts including the architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Order: A style of architecture characterized by its column design and proportions, with Greek orders including Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.