Existentialism

Definition

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice, asserting that people create their own meaning in a seemingly indifferent or absurd universe. It challenges the notion of objective truth and explores the subjective experience of existence, focusing on the individual's struggle to find purpose and authenticity amidst societal norms.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Existentialism emerged in the 20th century as a response to the disillusionment following World War I, focusing on the themes of freedom, choice, and individuality.
2. Søren Kierkegaard is often regarded as one of the precursors to existentialist thought, emphasizing the importance of personal faith and subjective experience.
3. Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the 'Übermensch' and his declaration that 'God is dead' challenge traditional moral values and highlight the necessity for individuals to create their own values.
4. Martin Heidegger's idea of 'Being-in-the-World' emphasizes the interconnectedness of human existence with the world around us, underscoring our active engagement in shaping our own reality.
5. Jean-Paul Sartre famously declared that 'existence precedes essence,' arguing that individuals must define their own existence through actions rather than adhering to predefined roles.

Review Questions

• How does existentialism address the tension between individual freedom and societal norms?
  • Existentialism posits that individuals have the freedom to make choices and create their own meaning within an often indifferent universe. However, this freedom can lead to a conflict with societal norms and expectations. The movement encourages individuals to embrace their freedom authentically, while also acknowledging the pressures imposed by society. This dynamic highlights the struggle many face when trying to remain true to themselves while navigating external influences.
• Discuss how Kierkegaard's ideas contribute to existentialist thought and its focus on individual experience.
  • Kierkegaard's emphasis on personal faith and subjective experience laid important groundwork for existentialist thought. He believed that understanding oneself and making authentic choices was crucial for true existence. His exploration of anxiety and despair also reflects the existentialist focus on the individual's struggle for meaning in a world that can feel overwhelming. By prioritizing personal experience over universal truths, Kierkegaard's ideas resonate with later existentialists who championed individuality.
• Evaluate Nietzsche's concept of the 'Übermensch' within the framework of existentialism and its implications for moral values.
  • Nietzsche's 'Übermensch' embodies the ideal individual who creates their own values and purpose in a world where traditional moral frameworks are no longer viable. This concept significantly contributes to existentialism by challenging individuals to rise above societal conventions and assert their own identity. The implication is profound; without predetermined moral guidelines, individuals must confront the freedom—and responsibility—of defining their existence. This idea pushes existentialist thought toward a radical reevaluation of morality in favor of personal authenticity and self-determination.

Related terms

Absurdism: A philosophical perspective suggesting that human beings exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe, leading to a conflict between seeking meaning and the inherent lack of it.

Authenticity: The quality of being true to one's own personality, spirit, or character, as opposed to conforming to external expectations or societal norms.

Alienation: A feeling of disconnection or estrangement from oneself or society, often resulting from the search for personal identity in a world perceived as indifferent or hostile.