Calvinism

Definition

Calvinism is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological teachings of John Calvin, emphasizing the sovereignty of God, the doctrine of predestination, and the authority of Scripture. This religious movement played a crucial role in shaping the culture and society of the Dutch Republic, influencing its approach to religious tolerance and its political landscape during the 17th century.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Calvinism's emphasis on individual interpretation of the Bible encouraged a spirit of inquiry and debate within society, contributing to a culture of tolerance.
2. In the Dutch Republic, Calvinism became the dominant religion, influencing political thought and promoting democratic ideals through its focus on civic responsibility.
3. The Synod of Dort in 1618-1619 was a significant event for Calvinism, as it affirmed the doctrines of predestination and set standards for Reformed theology.
4. Calvinists were known for their work ethic and belief in 'calling,' which linked religious faith with economic success, impacting trade and industry in the Dutch Republic.
5. Religious tolerance in the Dutch Republic allowed various denominations to coexist, but Calvinism remained a major influence, often shaping policies towards other religious groups.

Review Questions

• How did Calvinism influence the culture of tolerance in the Dutch Republic?
  • Calvinism encouraged individual interpretation of Scripture, which fostered an environment where questioning and debate were valued. This openness led to a culture where different religious beliefs could coexist, promoting a sense of tolerance among various groups. The focus on personal faith also contributed to civic responsibility, further encouraging acceptance of differing viewpoints within society.
• Discuss the political implications of Calvinism in shaping governance within the Dutch Republic.
  • Calvinism significantly impacted governance in the Dutch Republic by emphasizing concepts such as individual rights and civic duty. The idea that individuals were accountable to God led to a push for more democratic practices within local governments. Calvinist beliefs also informed political thought around resistance to tyranny, influencing how citizens viewed their rights against oppressive rule.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of Calvinist economic ethics on trade and industry in the Dutch Republic.
  • Calvinist economic ethics had profound long-term effects on trade and industry in the Dutch Republic by promoting diligence, frugality, and the idea of 'calling.' This perspective linked hard work with spiritual fulfillment and success, leading to increased productivity and innovation. As a result, these values contributed to the rise of capitalism in Europe, setting a model for economic behavior that influenced future generations.

Related terms

Predestination: The belief that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save, which is a central tenet of Calvinist theology.

Reformation: A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in Christian theology and practice.

Dutch East India Company: A chartered company established in 1602 that played a key role in Dutch trade and colonial expansion, significantly influenced by Calvinist economic ethics.