Penelope

Definition

Penelope is a central character in Homer's 'The Odyssey,' known for her loyalty and intelligence as the wife of Odysseus. Her character embodies the themes of fidelity and cleverness, particularly during Odysseus's long absence, as she navigates the challenges posed by numerous suitors vying for her hand while holding on to the hope of her husband's return.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Penelope is often described as a paragon of fidelity, waiting twenty years for Odysseus to return home from the Trojan War.
2. To fend off her suitors, Penelope devises clever tricks, such as weaving and then unweaving a tapestry, to delay remarrying.
3. Her intelligence is highlighted when she tests Odysseus upon his return to ensure he is truly her husband.
4. Penelope's character contrasts with that of many other female figures in Greek mythology, as she takes an active role in shaping her fate rather than being passive.
5. Throughout the narrative, Penelope's faith and patience symbolize the ideal qualities of a wife in ancient Greek culture.

Review Questions

• How does Penelope’s loyalty serve as a reflection of the themes of homecoming and identity in 'The Odyssey'?
  • Penelope’s unwavering loyalty to Odysseus is a key aspect of the themes of homecoming and identity in 'The Odyssey.' While Odysseus faces various trials on his journey home, Penelope maintains her identity as his faithful wife despite pressure from the suitors. Her steadfastness emphasizes the importance of marital fidelity and reinforces Odysseus’s own struggles with identity as he seeks to return to his family and reclaim his rightful place in Ithaca.
• In what ways does Penelope embody the concept of xenia within the context of her interactions with the suitors?
  • Although Penelope herself is a victim of xenia turned hostile by the suitors who invade her home, she still upholds the principles of hospitality through her conduct. She initially welcomes them into her home, providing food and comfort while hoping for Odysseus's return. However, as the suitors overstay their welcome and disregard the customs of xenia by disrespecting her household, Penelope becomes a symbol of how true hospitality can be corrupted when not reciprocated with respect and honor.
• Critically analyze how Penelope's actions challenge traditional gender roles in ancient Greek society.
  • Penelope challenges traditional gender roles by actively participating in her own fate rather than conforming to societal expectations of passivity. She uses her intelligence to outsmart her suitors and cleverly devise strategies to protect herself and her household. By showcasing her cunning through tactics like weaving and testing Odysseus, Penelope redefines what it means to be a woman in ancient Greek society. Instead of merely waiting for a man to rescue her, she takes control of her situation, thus presenting a complex character who embodies both strength and virtue.

Related terms

Odysseus:

The hero of 'The Odyssey,' known for his cleverness, bravery, and long journey home after the Trojan War.

Suitors: The group of men who court Penelope during Odysseus's absence, representing temptation and the societal pressures faced by women.

Cunning: A key trait of both Penelope and Odysseus, signifying intelligence and resourcefulness in overcoming challenges.