Genomic Selection (GS)

Definition

Genomic selection is a modern breeding method that uses genomic information to predict the breeding values of individuals in a population. It combines high-throughput genotyping with statistical models to identify desirable traits, enabling breeders to make more informed selection decisions earlier in the breeding cycle. This approach enhances the efficiency and accuracy of breeding programs in both plant and animal genetics.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Genomic selection can significantly reduce the generation time required for breeding new varieties or breeds by allowing earlier selection of individuals.
2. The approach relies heavily on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify markers linked to desirable traits.
3. GS has been successfully applied in various crops, livestock, and aquaculture species, improving traits such as yield, disease resistance, and growth rates.
4. By utilizing large datasets from genotyping, genomic selection can increase the genetic gain per generation compared to traditional selection methods.
5. The accuracy of genomic predictions is influenced by factors such as the size of the training population and the heritability of the traits being selected.

Review Questions

• How does genomic selection improve the efficiency of breeding programs compared to traditional methods?
  • Genomic selection improves breeding efficiency by enabling earlier and more accurate predictions of an individual's breeding value based on genomic data. Traditional methods rely on phenotypic evaluations that may take longer to assess, while GS allows breeders to select individuals with desirable traits at a young age. This results in reduced generation times and faster development of improved varieties or breeds.
• What role do quantitative trait loci (QTL) play in genomic selection, and how can they influence breeding decisions?
  • Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are crucial in genomic selection as they help identify specific genomic regions linked to traits of interest. By mapping QTLs associated with desirable characteristics, breeders can make informed decisions about which individuals to select for further breeding. This focus on specific genetic loci enhances the ability to improve complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes.
• Evaluate the potential impacts of genomic selection on sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry practices.
  • Genomic selection has the potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry by enabling more efficient use of resources and enhancing productivity while minimizing environmental impacts. By accurately selecting for traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance, farmers can produce higher yields with lower inputs. This not only improves food security but also supports practices that reduce the carbon footprint and promote biodiversity within farming systems.

Related terms

Marker-Assisted Selection: A technique that uses specific DNA markers to select individuals with desirable traits based on their genetic makeup.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Genomic regions that are associated with specific quantitative traits, which can be targeted for selection in breeding programs.

Breeding Value: An estimate of an individual's genetic value as a parent, based on the performance of its offspring.