Othering

Definition

Othering is the process of perceiving or portraying a group of people as fundamentally different or alien, often leading to stereotypes, discrimination, and social exclusion. This concept is important in understanding how colonial powers justified their dominance over colonized nations by depicting them as 'the other'—inferior and uncivilized—during events like the Berlin Conference and the Partition of Africa.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, which aimed to regulate European colonization in Africa, was heavily influenced by othering, as European powers divided African territories without considering the cultural identities of the people living there.
2. Othering allowed colonial powers to rationalize their exploitation of African resources by framing local populations as barbaric or uncivilized, thereby legitimizing their actions.
3. The concept of othering played a critical role in the construction of racial hierarchies, wherein Europeans were seen as superior while Africans were depicted as inferior.
4. Art and literature from the colonial era often reinforced stereotypes that contributed to othering, shaping public perceptions of colonized peoples as exotic and dangerous.
5. The legacy of othering during the Partition of Africa continues to affect post-colonial societies today, manifesting in ongoing issues related to identity, belonging, and social cohesion.

Review Questions

• How did the concept of othering manifest during the Berlin Conference and influence European attitudes towards African nations?
  • During the Berlin Conference, othering manifested through the portrayal of African nations as primitive and uncivilized. European powers viewed themselves as superior, which justified their decision to partition Africa without considering its diverse cultures and peoples. This perception led to a lack of respect for African societies and contributed to the justification for colonization and exploitation.
• In what ways did othering shape the policies implemented by colonial powers in Africa during the Partition?
  • Othering shaped colonial policies by fostering a mindset that prioritized European interests over local needs. This resulted in exploitative economic practices, forced labor systems, and cultural assimilation policies that disregarded indigenous customs and governance structures. By viewing African people through an othered lens, colonial powers rationalized their control and often violent imposition of foreign governance.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of othering on post-colonial African societies in relation to identity and social structures.
  • The long-term effects of othering on post-colonial African societies are profound, influencing issues like national identity and social cohesion. The legacy of being viewed as 'other' has led to internal divisions along ethnic lines, complicating efforts toward national unity. Additionally, the stereotypes established during colonization continue to affect perceptions of Africans both within and outside the continent, creating challenges in addressing historical injustices and fostering inclusive societies.

Related terms

Colonialism: The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Imperialism: A policy or ideology of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force to establish an empire.

Ethnocentrism: The belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group, often leading to prejudice and discrimination against other groups.