Marxism

Definition

Marxism is a socio-political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society achieved through the revolutionary overthrow of capitalist systems. It emphasizes the role of class struggle in historical development and the need for workers to unite against the bourgeoisie to establish socialism and ultimately communism.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Marxism emerged in the mid-19th century as a response to the social and economic inequalities produced by industrial capitalism.
2. The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, is one of the most influential texts outlining Marxist theory and its call for workers' revolution.
3. Marxism argues that history is primarily driven by class struggle, which determines societal structures and relationships.
4. The idea of a 'dictatorship of the proletariat' is central to Marxism, suggesting that the working class must seize political power to dismantle capitalist systems.
5. Marxist thought significantly influenced labor movements and socialist parties across Europe, leading to the formation of various international organizations.

Review Questions

• How does Marxism explain the relationship between the proletariat and bourgeoisie?
  • Marxism posits that the proletariat, or working class, is fundamentally oppressed by the bourgeoisie, who own and control the means of production. This relationship is characterized by exploitation, where workers receive less value from their labor than what their work produces, with the surplus value enriching the capitalists. Marxists argue that this inherent conflict leads to class struggle, ultimately necessitating a revolution to overthrow capitalism and establish a socialist society.
• Discuss the impact of Marxism on political movements in Europe during the 19th century following the 1848 Revolutions.
  • After the 1848 Revolutions, Marxism gained traction among various political movements, particularly in advocating for workers' rights and social equality. It inspired labor unions and socialist parties that sought to address injustices associated with industrial capitalism. The emphasis on class struggle resonated with those affected by economic hardship, leading to a push for reforms and eventually influencing significant events like the formation of the First International. This period marked a pivotal moment for socialism in Europe as activists rallied around Marxist principles.
• Evaluate how Marxism shaped international socialist movements during the 19th century and its legacy on modern political ideologies.
  • Marxism laid the groundwork for international socialist movements by promoting unity among workers across national boundaries in their fight against capitalism. The establishment of organizations like the First and Second Internationals showcased this global solidarity. Furthermore, Marxist ideas influenced a variety of political ideologies and movements throughout the 20th century, including communism and democratic socialism. Its legacy continues today as various groups draw upon Marxist principles to critique capitalist structures and advocate for social justice.

Related terms

Proletariat: The working class, who, according to Marxist theory, must overthrow the bourgeoisie to achieve a classless society.

Bourgeoisie: The capitalist class who own the means of production and exploit the proletariat for profit.

Communism: A political ideology advocating for a classless society in which all property is publicly owned, as a final stage of societal evolution following socialism.