Imperialism

Definition

Imperialism is the policy or practice of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means. This concept often involves the domination of one nation over another, both politically and economically, and was especially prominent during the 19th century as European powers sought to expand their empires. Imperialism was fueled by a variety of factors, including economic interests, national pride, and a sense of racial superiority.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 formalized the division of Africa among European powers, showcasing the height of imperialism and its impact on African nations.
2. Bismarck initially was reluctant to engage in overseas colonies, but he later recognized their importance for Germany's status as a world power.
3. Imperialism was often justified through ideologies like Social Darwinism, which suggested that stronger nations had the right to dominate weaker ones.
4. Economic motives were a primary driver of imperialism, with European countries seeking new markets and raw materials for their growing industries.
5. Resistance to imperialism led to numerous conflicts and uprisings in colonized regions, highlighting the tensions between imperial powers and local populations.

Review Questions

• How did Bismarck's approach to imperialism reflect his realpolitik strategies during the late 19th century?
  • Bismarck's approach to imperialism was characterized by a pragmatic and strategic mindset aligned with realpolitik. He initially focused on consolidating power within Europe but later recognized the importance of acquiring overseas colonies to enhance Germany's international standing. By engaging in colonial ventures, Bismarck aimed to bolster national prestige while balancing European power dynamics, thus exemplifying how imperialism served as a tool for achieving broader political goals.
• What were the main outcomes of the Berlin Conference in relation to imperialist policies in Africa?
  • The Berlin Conference established rules for the colonization of Africa among European powers, leading to an intense period of imperialist expansion known as the Scramble for Africa. It resulted in arbitrary borders being drawn without regard for ethnic or cultural divisions, disrupting traditional societies. The conference highlighted Europe's determination to dominate African territories economically and politically, reinforcing imperialist ideologies while neglecting the rights and autonomy of African peoples.
• Evaluate how imperialism shaped international relations and conflicts during the 19th century, particularly in relation to European competition.
  • Imperialism significantly shaped international relations in the 19th century by intensifying competition among European powers for colonies and resources. This competition not only fueled conflicts over territorial claims but also contributed to alliances and rivalries that would later influence global politics. The quest for empire led nations to expand their military capabilities and engage in diplomatic negotiations, which ultimately sowed the seeds for larger conflicts like World War I as tensions escalated over colonial disputes and national ambitions.

Related terms

Colonization: The act of establishing control over a foreign territory, often involving the settlement of colonizers in the area and the exploitation of its resources.

Scramble for Africa: The rapid invasion and division of African territory by European powers in the late 19th century, motivated by economic and strategic interests.

Nationalism:

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to the desire for independence or dominance over other nations.