Prostate cancer

Definition

Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid. This cancer typically develops slowly and may not show symptoms in its early stages, but it can become aggressive and spread to other parts of the body if not detected early. Understanding prostate cancer involves recognizing its relation to male reproductive health, including risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men, with risk increasing with age.
2. Risk factors for prostate cancer include family history, race (more common in African American men), and certain genetic mutations.
3. Common symptoms of advanced prostate cancer may include difficulty urinating, blood in urine or semen, and pain in the back, hips, or pelvis.
4. Diagnosis often involves a combination of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood tests, digital rectal exams, and imaging tests like MRI or ultrasound.
5. Treatment options can range from active surveillance for slow-growing cancers to surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy for more aggressive forms.

Review Questions

• What are the primary risk factors associated with the development of prostate cancer?
  • The primary risk factors for developing prostate cancer include age, as it is more prevalent in older men, especially those over 50. Family history plays a significant role; men with relatives who have had prostate cancer are at increased risk. Additionally, race is a factor, with African American men having higher rates of prostate cancer compared to men of other races. Genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 also contribute to elevated risks.
• How is prostate cancer diagnosed and what role do PSA tests play in this process?
  • Prostate cancer is diagnosed through several methods including digital rectal exams, imaging studies, and notably PSA tests. The PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood; elevated levels can indicate potential issues with the prostate, including cancer. If PSA levels are high or if abnormalities are found during exams, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.
• Evaluate the treatment options available for prostate cancer and how they vary based on disease progression.
  • Treatment options for prostate cancer depend largely on the stage and aggressiveness of the disease. For low-risk cases or slow-growing tumors, active surveillance may be recommended to monitor changes without immediate treatment. If intervention is necessary, options include surgical removal of the prostate (prostatectomy), radiation therapy to target cancer cells, and hormone therapy to reduce androgen levels that fuel cancer growth. More advanced stages may require chemotherapy or clinical trials exploring new therapies. Each treatment plan must be tailored to individual patient needs and preferences.

Related terms

Prostate: A small gland in males that produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.

Androgens: Hormones such as testosterone that regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics, playing a role in prostate health and cancer progression.

Biopsy: A medical procedure in which a sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined to diagnose prostate cancer or other conditions.