Ovary

Definition

An ovary is a female reproductive organ that produces eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. These organs play a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and are integral to female fertility, serving as the site where ova mature and are released during ovulation.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Each woman is born with a finite number of eggs in her ovaries, with approximately 1 to 2 million at birth, but only about 400 to 500 will be ovulated during her reproductive years.
2. The ovaries are located on either side of the uterus and are almond-shaped, with a cortex containing follicles and a medulla with blood vessels and connective tissue.
3. During each menstrual cycle, typically one follicle matures into an egg while others undergo atresia (degeneration).
4. The ovaries not only produce eggs but also secrete important hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and influence secondary sexual characteristics.
5. In addition to their reproductive functions, ovaries also play a role in overall health by influencing metabolic processes and bone density through hormone production.

Review Questions

• How do ovaries interact with other organs in the female reproductive system during the menstrual cycle?
  • Ovaries interact with the uterus and hypothalamus during the menstrual cycle. They release hormones like estrogen and progesterone that influence the uterine lining's preparation for potential implantation of an embryo. The hypothalamus regulates ovarian hormone production through gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), further coordinating ovarian function with the menstrual cycle.
• Analyze the hormonal changes occurring in the ovaries throughout the menstrual cycle and their impact on fertility.
  • Throughout the menstrual cycle, hormonal changes begin with increased levels of FSH that stimulate follicle growth. As follicles mature, they produce estrogen, leading to a surge in LH that triggers ovulation. Post-ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone, essential for preparing the uterine lining for possible implantation. If fertilization does not occur, hormone levels drop, leading to menstruation. This intricate hormonal interplay is vital for regulating fertility and ensuring successful reproduction.
• Evaluate how ovarian dysfunction can affect overall health beyond reproductive capabilities.
  • Ovarian dysfunction can have significant impacts on overall health beyond reproduction. Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can lead to imbalances in hormone levels, resulting in irregular menstrual cycles, weight gain, insulin resistance, and increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Moreover, low estrogen levels due to premature ovarian failure can affect bone density, increasing osteoporosis risk. Therefore, ovarian health is crucial not just for fertility but also for maintaining metabolic balance and general well-being.

Related terms

Follicle: A structure within the ovary that contains an immature egg and supports its development until it is ready for ovulation.

Menstrual Cycle: The monthly series of changes in the female reproductive system that prepare the body for potential pregnancy, involving hormonal regulation and ovarian function.

Hormones:

Chemical messengers produced by glands in the body, including those from the ovaries, which regulate various physiological processes such as reproduction, metabolism, and mood.