Hyperparathyroidism

Definition

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands, leading to elevated levels of calcium in the blood. This condition can result from various factors, including benign tumors on the parathyroid glands, genetic disorders, or as a secondary response to low calcium levels in the body. It is essential to understand its relationship with calcium metabolism and its effects on bones, kidneys, and overall health.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Hyperparathyroidism can lead to symptoms such as kidney stones, osteoporosis, fatigue, and depression due to elevated calcium levels.
2. It is diagnosed through blood tests that reveal high serum calcium and elevated or inappropriately normal PTH levels.
3. Treatment options may include surgical removal of the affected parathyroid glands or medication to manage symptoms and lower calcium levels.
4. Primary hyperparathyroidism is more common in women, especially those over 50 years old.
5. The condition can lead to significant complications if left untreated, including severe bone loss and cardiovascular issues due to prolonged high calcium levels.

Review Questions

• How does hyperparathyroidism affect calcium metabolism in the body?
  • Hyperparathyroidism leads to increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which elevates calcium levels in the blood. PTH enhances intestinal absorption of calcium, increases renal reabsorption of calcium while promoting phosphate excretion, and stimulates the release of calcium from bones. This disruption can result in high blood calcium levels that may have adverse effects on various organs and systems.
• What are the differences between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism in terms of causes and effects on the body?
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is typically caused by an issue within the parathyroid glands themselves, such as adenomas or hyperplasia, leading to excess PTH production and high serum calcium. In contrast, secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs as a reaction to low calcium levels often due to conditions like chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, causing increased PTH secretion as a compensatory mechanism. While primary can lead to increased risks for kidney stones and bone loss, secondary focuses more on managing underlying causes like kidney function.
• Evaluate the long-term implications of untreated hyperparathyroidism on overall health.
  • Untreated hyperparathyroidism can lead to serious long-term health issues due to chronic high calcium levels. This condition often results in significant bone density loss, increasing fracture risk and developing osteoporosis. Additionally, persistent high calcium can contribute to cardiovascular problems and renal complications like kidney stones or nephrocalcinosis. The comprehensive impact on health highlights the importance of early diagnosis and management strategies to mitigate these risks effectively.

Related terms

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, reabsorption in the kidneys, and mobilizing calcium from bones.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A type of hyperparathyroidism caused by an abnormality in the parathyroid glands themselves, often due to adenomas or hyperplasia, leading to excessive secretion of PTH.

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A form of hyperparathyroidism that occurs as a compensatory response to low serum calcium levels, often due to chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.