Atkinson and Shiffrin

Definition

Atkinson and Shiffrin developed a multi-store model of memory that outlines how information is processed in three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. This model highlights the encoding, storage, and retrieval processes that play critical roles in how we learn and remember information over time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Atkinson and Shiffrin model was proposed in 1968 and has become a foundational concept in understanding human memory.
2. Sensory memory captures brief impressions of sensory information, which then may be encoded into short-term memory if attended to.
3. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, often described as being able to hold about 7±2 items at once, before it either decays or is transferred to long-term memory.
4. Information can be rehearsed in short-term memory to enhance the likelihood of it being encoded into long-term memory.
5. Retrieval processes allow stored information in long-term memory to be accessed, which can involve recalling or recognizing learned material.

Review Questions

• How do the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory interact according to Atkinson and Shiffrin's model?
  • In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, sensory memory acts as the first point of contact for incoming information, briefly holding sensory impressions. If this information is attended to, it moves into short-term memory where it can be actively processed. From there, through rehearsal or encoding strategies, it can transition into long-term memory for more permanent storage. The interaction between these stages highlights how effective encoding is crucial for successful retrieval later on.
• Discuss the significance of rehearsal in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory in Atkinson and Shiffrin's framework.
  • Rehearsal plays a vital role in the Atkinson and Shiffrin model by providing a mechanism to maintain information within short-term memory and facilitate its transfer to long-term storage. There are two types of rehearsal: maintenance rehearsal, which involves repeatedly practicing information to keep it active in short-term memory, and elaborative rehearsal, which connects new information to existing knowledge. The effectiveness of these rehearsal techniques impacts how well we remember information over time.
• Evaluate the implications of Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model on our understanding of learning strategies and educational practices.
  • The multi-store model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin has significant implications for learning strategies and educational practices. By emphasizing the importance of encoding techniques such as chunking and elaborative rehearsal, educators can design instructional methods that enhance retention and retrieval. Understanding that learners may struggle with transferring information from short-term to long-term memory highlights the need for strategies that promote deeper processing. This knowledge influences curriculum development and teaching approaches aimed at optimizing student learning outcomes.

Related terms

Sensory Memory: The initial stage of memory that briefly retains sensory information in its original form for a very short period, usually less than a second.

Short-Term Memory: The part of the memory system that temporarily holds a limited amount of information for a short duration, typically around 15-30 seconds.

Long-Term Memory: A more permanent stage of memory where information can be stored for extended periods, potentially a lifetime, and is divided into explicit and implicit memory.