Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. This architectural marvel symbolizes the glory of Ancient Greece and embodies the ideals of harmony, proportion, and beauty that define Classical architecture.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC and was completed in 432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire.
2. The temple was designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates and is celebrated for its use of the Doric order, although it incorporates elements of the Ionic order as well.
3. The Parthenon housed a massive gold and ivory statue of Athena, created by Fidias, which was considered one of the greatest achievements of ancient Greek sculpture.
4. Throughout history, the Parthenon has served various purposes, including a Christian church and a mosque, reflecting the changing cultural and religious landscape of Athens.
5. Today, the Parthenon is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is a symbol of ancient Greek civilization and democracy.

Review Questions

• How does the design of the Parthenon reflect the principles of Classical architecture?
  • The design of the Parthenon showcases the principles of Classical architecture through its emphasis on symmetry, proportion, and harmony. The use of the Doric order in its columns creates a sense of strength and stability, while slight adjustments in its dimensions, known as entasis, enhance its aesthetic appeal. The careful arrangement and spacing of columns contribute to an overall balance that embodies the ideals of beauty cherished in Ancient Greece.
• Discuss the historical significance of the Parthenon in relation to Athenian democracy and culture.
  • The Parthenon stands as a powerful symbol of Athenian democracy and cultural achievement during its time. Built during the Golden Age of Athens under Pericles, it reflected not only religious devotion to Athena but also the pride and identity of a city-state that had established itself as a center of art, philosophy, and political thought. Its construction was funded by wealth accumulated through the Delian League, demonstrating how public resources were invested in civic pride and collective identity.
• Evaluate how the Parthenon's transformation over time illustrates changes in cultural values and religious practices.
  • The transformation of the Parthenon from a temple dedicated to Athena to a Christian church and later a mosque highlights significant shifts in cultural values and religious practices throughout history. Initially built to honor Greek mythology and civic pride, its conversion into a church marked the spread of Christianity across Greece. The subsequent use as a mosque reflects Islamic influences during Ottoman rule. These changes demonstrate how architecture can serve not just as a reflection of artistic achievement but also as an enduring testament to evolving societal beliefs and identities across different historical contexts.

Related terms

Doric Order: The simplest of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by sturdy columns with no base and a fluted shaft.

Acropolis: A citadel or complex of buildings built on a high hill, significant in Ancient Greece, with the Parthenon as its most famous structure.

Fidias: An ancient Greek sculptor, painter, and architect who oversaw the sculptural decoration of the Parthenon, including its famous statue of Athena.