Landau levels are quantized energy levels that electrons occupy in a two-dimensional system subjected to a strong magnetic field. They arise due to the quantization of cyclotron orbits, leading to discrete energy states that depend on the strength of the magnetic field and the effective mass of the electrons. These energy levels play a crucial role in various quantum phenomena, including the behavior of materials in a magnetic field, which is closely related to tunneling effects, diamagnetism, and the quantum Hall effect.
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