Basal ganglia

Definition

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning. They play a key role in regulating voluntary movements and routine behaviors.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The basal ganglia include structures such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus.
2. They are involved in the coordination and smooth execution of movement.
3. Dysfunction in the basal ganglia is linked to disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
4. They receive input from the cerebral cortex and send output to motor centers in the brainstem.
5. The basal ganglia use neurotransmitters like dopamine to modulate their activity.

Review Questions

• What are the main functions of the basal ganglia?
• Name two neurological disorders associated with dysfunctions in the basal ganglia.
• Which neurotransmitter is crucial for the basal ganglia’s operation?

Related terms

Cerebral Cortex: The outermost layer of the brain involved in complex mental functions such as thought and action.

Dopamine: A neurotransmitter that plays several important roles, including regulating mood and controlling movement.

Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulties with balance and coordination due to loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.