key term - FAD

Definition

FAD, or flavin adenine dinucleotide, is a redox cofactor involved in several important metabolic reactions, acting as an electron carrier. It plays a crucial role in the oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle, facilitating the transfer of electrons and protons during these processes. FAD exists in two forms: the oxidized form (FAD) and the reduced form (FADH₂), which carries electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. FAD is derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2), which is essential for its synthesis and function in metabolic pathways.
2. During the citric acid cycle, FAD is reduced to FADH₂ when it accepts electrons, which are later used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
3. FADH₂ carries more energy than NADH per molecule due to its ability to yield additional ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.
4. FAD plays a critical role in fatty acid oxidation and amino acid metabolism, linking various metabolic pathways together.
5. The recycling of FAD back to its oxidized form occurs through its interaction with other molecules in the electron transport chain, ensuring continuous energy production.

Review Questions

• How does FAD function as an electron carrier during the oxidation of pyruvate?
  • FAD functions as an electron carrier during the oxidation of pyruvate by accepting electrons and protons released during the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. In this process, pyruvate is decarboxylated, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and producing FADH₂. This FADH₂ then enters the citric acid cycle where it continues to participate in electron transport, contributing to energy production.
• Discuss the differences between FAD and NAD+ in their roles within metabolic pathways.
  • While both FAD and NAD+ serve as important electron carriers in metabolic pathways, they differ in their chemical structure and the number of electrons they can accept. FAD can accept two electrons and two protons to form FADH₂, whereas NAD+ accepts one proton and two electrons to form NADH. This difference affects their roles; for instance, FAD is more involved in processes like the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation, while NAD+ predominantly participates in glycolysis and dehydrogenation reactions.
• Evaluate the significance of FADH₂ production in relation to ATP yield during cellular respiration.
  • The production of FADH₂ is significant because it contributes to ATP yield during cellular respiration. Each molecule of FADH₂ produced during the citric acid cycle donates electrons to the electron transport chain at a lower energy level compared to NADH. This results in the generation of about 1.5 ATP per FADH₂ as opposed to 2.5 ATP per NADH. Understanding this difference helps illustrate how cellular respiration efficiently harnesses energy from various nutrients to produce ATP.

Related terms

NAD+:

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is another important electron carrier in metabolism that functions similarly to FAD, accepting electrons during various biochemical reactions.

Citric Acid Cycle: A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Electron Transport Chain: A sequence of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors like FADH₂ to electron acceptors like oxygen, leading to ATP production.