Deoxyribose

Definition

Deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar that is a crucial component of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), forming part of its backbone along with phosphate groups. This sugar distinguishes DNA from RNA (ribonucleic acid) by lacking one oxygen atom, which affects the stability and structure of the nucleic acids. The absence of this oxygen atom in deoxyribose contributes to the double-helix structure of DNA and plays an important role in the genetic coding and information storage within living organisms.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Deoxyribose is derived from ribose through the removal of one oxygen atom, which is why it is referred to as 'deoxy' ribose.
2. In DNA, deoxyribose forms covalent bonds with phosphate groups to create the sugar-phosphate backbone, which supports the structure of the double helix.
3. The presence of deoxyribose in DNA contributes to its stability, as it makes the molecule less reactive compared to RNA.
4. Each deoxyribose molecule in DNA is attached to one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine.
5. The unique structure of deoxyribose is essential for the proper functioning of DNA during processes like replication and transcription.

Review Questions

• How does the structure of deoxyribose contribute to the stability of DNA compared to RNA?
  • The structure of deoxyribose contributes to the stability of DNA by lacking an oxygen atom at the 2' carbon position, which ribose has. This absence makes DNA less reactive and more chemically stable than RNA. The stability provided by deoxyribose allows DNA to serve as a long-term storage medium for genetic information, enabling accurate replication and transmission across generations.
• Discuss the role of deoxyribose in forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and its importance in genetic coding.
  • Deoxyribose plays a critical role in forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA by bonding with phosphate groups. This backbone serves as the structural framework for the DNA molecule, allowing it to maintain its double-helix shape. The sequence of nitrogenous bases attached to deoxyribose molecules encodes genetic information, making it essential for processes such as gene expression and inheritance.
• Evaluate how changes in deoxyribose could impact DNA replication and overall genetic stability.
  • Changes in deoxyribose, such as alterations that introduce additional reactive groups or modify its structure, could significantly impact DNA replication. If deoxyribose were altered to resemble ribose, it could increase the reactivity of the DNA molecule, leading to higher rates of mutations during replication. This instability could compromise genetic integrity, potentially resulting in errors in protein synthesis and cellular function, ultimately affecting organismal health and evolution.

Related terms

Nucleotide: A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose).

Phosphate Group: A phosphate group is a molecular structure consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, which links nucleotides together in the backbone of DNA and RNA.

Ribose: Ribose is a five-carbon sugar found in RNA that has an additional oxygen atom compared to deoxyribose, making it less stable than DNA.